PurposeThis study evaluated the effect of cervical margin relocation (CMR) with two different materials and contamination with hemostatic agents on the margin adaptation and microleakage of ceramic restorations.Materials and methodsMesial–occlusal–distal cavities were prepared in 60 human first molars and distributed to 3 groups (n = 20) according to the margin relocation procedure. The groups were: group F; flowable composite applied in two 2 mm increments, group B; bulk‐fill flowable composite applied as a bulk increment of 4 mm thickness and group C (control); no CMR was done. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (subgroup N; no hemostatic agent applied and subgroup H; hemostatic agent was applied). In all groups, ceramic inlays were prepared and cemented. The samples were subjected to thermocycling (10,000 cycles). The adaptation of the cervical margin was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy (200×). Samples were then assessed for microleakage analysis with the dye penetration method. Marginal adaptation data were normally distributed and analyzed using two‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Ordinal microleakage score data were analyzed using cumulative link models followed by the analysis of deviance using Wald chi‐square tests.ResultsBoth CMR and contamination with a hemostatic agent had significant effects on the margin adaptation of the cervical margin. Group C showed the highest adaptation with no significant difference from group F. The lowest adaptation was revealed in group B with a significant difference from group C. Subgroup N (in all groups) showed a statistically higher adaptation than subgroup H. Regarding microleakage assessment, CMR had no significant effect but hemostatic agent application showed a significantly higher microleakage score for all groups.ConclusionsBoth the CMR procedure and contamination with AlCl3 hemostatic agent had a negative effect on marginal adaptation. For microleakage assessment, only contamination with hemostatic agent negatively affected the microleakage with no effect on the margin relocation procedure.
According to the sustainable development concept there is a very important relationship between the economic development and environment protection against various types of contaminations and pollutions,especially; those caused by chemical industrial firms. Unfortunately, many firms suffer from equipment aging, old, and small production-units employ obsolete technologies. The factories rehabilitation or replacement of the worn-out equipment with the new, modern, and environmentally friend technologies require investments. This paper addresses the problem of industrial pollution and measuring the economic and environmental effects of investment in the chemical industries.The research sample includes El Nasr Company for Fertilizers and Chemical Industries "SEMADCO" and The Egyptian Chemical Industries Company "KIMA"."SEMADCO" and "KIMA" firms are Egyptian contributing companies belonging to the Chemical Industries Holding Company (CIHC) and the Ministry of Public Business Sector (MPBS) in A. R. E.It is concluded that the more efficient investments in chemical industries the less the harmful environmental effects of chemical industries. The less the harmful environmental effects of chemical industries the more investments economic benefits in chemical industries.The more the costs of pollution prevention the less the harmful environmental effects of the chemical industries.It is recommended that the firm's management give more attention for the efficient investments with great feasibility studies. Such investment has economic; "more financial benefits" and environmental benefits; "less harmful environmental effects". Also, It is recommended that the firm's management taking in consideration the proposed model for the
Patient satisfaction is a significant indicator of high-quality pharmacy service delivery, and consequently, assessment of customer satisfaction is a crucial technique for identifying and filling gaps in pharmacy service delivery. Evaluation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients" satisfaction with pharmaceutical care services in the chest department outpatient clinic, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt, a crosssectional study utilizing a structurally designed questionnaire was conducted to measure COPD patient satisfaction with pharmaceutical care services. The questionnaire was filled out by thirty COPD patients, after 12 weeks of providing pharmaceutical care services by the researcher (clinical pharmacist). It was a self-administered survey constituted of two main parts; the first one included the patients' demographic data, and the second part included several domains about various pharmaceutical care services. The questionnaire provided a 5-point Likert response scale system used in Arabic and English language. Most of the patients" responses were in the "Good" and the "Very good" categories, and the greater age median of the respondents was associated with a better rating of the services. Providing information about the side effects of the medications and the inhaler technique appeared to enhance patients" satisfaction. The satisfaction of COPD patients towards the services provided by the clinical pharmacist in the chest outpatient clinic is only intermediate, the older aged patients seemed to be more satisfied with the services provided than their younger counterparts. Efforts should be performed to increase the patient's satisfaction with the clinical pharmacy services.
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