Stink bugs of the species Nezara viridula and Dichelops melacanthus are considered as some of the main insect pests associated with wheat production in Brazil. The use of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae might be an alternative for the management of these insects with chemical insecticides. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate and ascertain the pathogenicity of different isolates of M. anisopliae on N. viridula and D. melacanthus adults under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In the laboratory, the fungal isolates 05RA, 11RA, 08RA, and 02RA, which were collected in the field from adults of N. viridula and D. melacanthus infected with M. anisopliae, were highly pathogenic, leading to 100% mortality in adults of N. viridula and D. melacanthus at 8 days after application (DAA). However, the isolate 08RA presented higher pathogenicity in a shorter period of time for N. viridula (mean mortality time "MMT" = 2.8 days) and D. melacanthus (MMT = 4.0 days) than the remaining isolates. At the greenhouse, the isolate 08RA led to a mortality of 44.9% (N. viridula) and 35.7% (D. melacanthus) at eight DAA; however, the mortality was 100% for both species at 14 DAA, with an MMT of 8 and 10 days for N. viridula and D. melacanthus, respectively. The fungus M. anisopliae constitutes a promising alternative agent to control the growth of adult populations of N. viridula and D. melacanthus in wheat cultures.
This study aimed to assess the proportion of biodiesel derived from soybean oil and sunflower oil in nature and other already used in frying, and to verify the feasibility of using these oils by testing machine hours. The frying oil was collected in restaurants. Ten repetitions were performed for each oil origin (ten for in natura soybean oil, ten for in natura sunflower oil, ten for reused of soybean oil, and ten for reused sunflower oil). Biodiesels originated from each reused oil (soybean and sunflower) were tested in agricultural machinery (tractors New Holland TL-65) to evaluate hours machine, using 4 L of biodiesel each per 80 L diesel with three replications and a control (diesel). A hundred percent biodiesel was obtained from in natura soybean and sunflower oils. From the oils reused from frying processes, 88 % was obtained for soy, and 88.15 % for sunflower. In testing machine hours, for biodiesel derived from sunflower reused oil, the average was 5.75 L h-1 machine, for soybean biodiesel (6.20 L h-1), and for diesel (6.00 L h-1). These results show that biodiesel derived from cooking oil presents production feasibility, and has potential for use in agricultural machinery with optimal performance.
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