According to the Erikson's theory, personality development is associated with a positive resolution of developmental confl icts, appearing in stages, as a result of human interaction with the social and culture world. People in late adulthood are faced with the diffi cult task of fi nding a balance between the syntonic and dystonic feature of ego-integrity and despair-having a chance to develop life wisdom, deciding how to perceive themselves, other people and the surrounding world. The aim of this paper is to present and discuss predictors of psychosocial integrity in the late adulthood. Psychosocial integrity was a dependent variable, while the level of basic hope, level of depression and anxiety as a trait and selected sociodemographic datawere independent variables. The study of elderly people (N = 152) used the Measures of the Psychosocial Development (MPD) by G. Hawley (polish adaptation: Z. Uchnast), the Basic Hope Inventory (BHI-12) by J. Trzebiński and M. Zięba, the Hospital Scale of Anxiety and Depression (HADS) by A.S. Zigmond and R.P. Snaith (polish adaptation: K. de Walden-Gałuszko and M. Majkowicz) and the Sociodemographic Data Sheet, designed by the authors of the study. It has been proved that the level of psychosocial integrity depends mainly on the level of basic hope, but it is also determined by the level of education of the respondents, which is important for the perceived level of anxiety and depression.
BackgroundClinical psychologists are observing an increasing number of children with comorbid disorders such as autism spectrum dis-order (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders, depressive disorders and others. Due to the importance of higher efficacy of implementing early therapeutic interventions, factors determining the age of first diagnos-tic intervention and the age of diagnosis are particularly significant aspects when considering this topic.Participants and procedureAn in-depth analysis of the documentation of 112 patients of one of the psychological and pedagogical counselling centres was conducted to identify family and developmental factors that contribute to the diagnostic decision-making process in children with comorbid disorders. These children were 2-17 years old and diagnosed with co-occurrence of ASD and other disorders.ResultsThe results indicate that children with comorbid disorders are reported for diagnostic intervention at the age of 4 years old and 3 months old (M = 4.24, SD = 2.29) and the mean age of receiving an ASD diagnosis is 7 years old and 3 months old (M = 7.28, SD = 3.25). Predictors of the age of diagnostic intervention and ASD diagnosis were also identified. Somatic dis-eases and potentially speech disorders were related to the earlier age of diagnostic intervention, whereas learning difficul-ties were related to the later age of diagnostic intervention. Moreover, it has been found that children with comorbid ex-ternalizing disorders have an earlier age of diagnostic intervention than children without disrupting behaviours. However, this circumstance does not affect the age of ASD diagnosis.ConclusionsIt is important to raise parents’ awareness of detecting early markers of disorders as intervention and diagnosis are imple-mented too late. In such circumstances, therapeutic interventions under-taken may have limited effectiveness.
BackgroundAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder diagnosed among children and adolescents. The axial symptom is a deficit in cognitive functioning, including executive functioning. Some studies have shown that the quality of executive functioning in children and adolescents with ADHD is modified by some characteristics of the family environment.MethodsThe authors plan to conduct a systematic review in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Searches will be carried out in electronic databases (PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and PubMed) and in the bibliography of identified publications. Relevant studies will be selected by using keywords and taking into account the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The analysis will be performed using a specially design data spreadsheet. These activities will be carried out under appropriate methodological rigor to minimize the risk of bias.DiscussionConducting a systematic review will provide an opportunity to describe the current research on the topic. This action will allow us to summarize the knowledge from the published results. Possible gaps will be identified, and future directions for research projects in this field will be proposed.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42021246496
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