The Huggins pitch effect is created by dichotic broadband noise with interaural phase varying from 0 to 2 pi over a narrow frequency region. The sensation of pitch, corresponding to the frequency of the phase shift region, is usually understood as the result of a binaural differencing operation. We report here a pitch effect created by dichotic broadband noise with interaural phase varying from 0 to pi over a narrow boundary region, creating an edge in a difference channel. We call this effect Binaural Edge Pitch. For experienced listeners the effect is similar in nature and strength to the Huggins pitch. It is strongest for boundary frequencies in the 350--800 Hz range. Pitch matching experiments in this range find that the spread of matches in 1%--2% of the boundary frequency and that the pitch is 4% higher or lower than the boundary frequency. This shift is identical to the shifts which we find for the pitch of high-pass and low-pass noise bands. The correspondence argues strongly for an explanation of the Binaural Edge Pitch in terms of the Equalization--Cancellation Model of binaural processing, and pitch derived from central spectrum.
There is general agreement that the frequency difference limen measured in a two-sine-tone frequency discrimination experiment is smaller than that measured in a frequency modulation (FM) experiment. We present a model of frequency modulation detection for low modulation frequencies, within the framework of signal detection theory, which accounts well for the observed difference between frequency discrimination experiments and FM detection experiments. The FM detection model also predicts psychometric functions for detection of FM with different modulation waveforms. FM detection experiments with square, sine, trapezoid, and triangle FM are in reasonable agreement with the model predictions.
Two experiments investigated free-operant avoidance responding with pigeons using a treadle-pressing response. In Experiment I, pigeons were initially trained on a free-operant avoidance schedule with a response-shock interval of 32 sec and a shock-shock interval of 10 sec, and were subsequently exposed to 10 values of the response-shock parameter ranging from 2.5 to 150 sec. The functions relating response rate to response-shock interval were similar to the ones reported by Sidman in his 1953 studies employing rats, and were independent of the order of presentation of the response-shock values. Shock rates decreased as response-shock duration increased. In Experiment II, a free-operant avoidance schedule with a response-shock interval of 20 sec and a shock-shock interval of 5 sec was used, and shock intensities were varied over five values ranging from 2 to 32 mA. Response rates increased markedly as shock intensity increased from 2 to 8 mA, but rates changed little with further increases in shock intensity. Shock rates decreased as intensity increased from 2 to 8 mA, and showed little change as intensity increased from 8 to 32 mA.
Three groups of four pigeons, trained to press a treadle on a free-operant avoidance schedule, were given auditory discrimination training. Alternating 2-min components of avoidance and no shock were paired with either a tone or white noise. The pigeons were subsequently given two types of generalization tests, with and without avoidable shocks scheduled. Two of the groups, trained interdimensionally, produced excitatory and inhibitory generalization gradients along the tone frequency dimension. A predicted post-discrimination gradient was computed from the algebraic summation of these gradients of excitation and inhibition. The predicted gradient was compared with the actual post-discrimination gradient obtained from the third group of pigeons that had been given intradimensional discrimination training on the tone frequency dimension. The predicted postdiscrimination gradient agreed in shape with the empirical postdiscrimination gradient. The results in general support Spence's (1937) gradient interaction theory.
This article describes a child custody case centered on the fitness of the mother, who was involved in an SM relationship with her live-in boyfriend. Although the investigation confirmed that no child abuse had occurred, that the child was unaware of the mother's sexual interests, that there were no incidents of inappropriate sexual activities in front of the minor, and that the child was doing well, the court severely limited the mother's visitation and custody arrangements and ended her alimony. Practitioners of alternative sexual lifestyles have not fared well in child custody hearings, and this case is no exception. The present case indicates how the family court system can be biased against sexual minorities in general and SM practitioners in particular. In addition, the present case demonstrates how the DSM diagnostic criteria can be misused in dealing with alternative lifestyle practitioners. Recommendations for further education of the court and for future research are made.
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