Soldánová M., Ištvánek J., Řepková J., Dreiseitl A. (2013): Newly discovered genes for resistance to powdery mildew in the subtelomeric region of the short arm of barley chromosome 7H. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 49: 95-102.Two dominant genes for resistance to powdery mildew (caused by Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) from the PI296825 and PI466461 accessions of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) were identified close to the subtelomeric region of the short arm of chromosome 7H. Genetic analyses predicted two resistance loci in F 2 populations established from crosses between each of the two accessions and the winter barley (H. vulgare) variety Tiffany. Genetic mapping revealed a highly effective (52% of phenotypic variation) resistance gene from PI296825 located between the markers GBMS192 and GBM1060. In F 2 plants exhibiting resistance reaction types (RT) 0 to RT1-2, specific DNA fragments for co-segregating markers were amplified. In plants with RT2 and RT2-3, the resistance was conferred by another unidentified resistance gene. In PI466461, the resistance gene found on the short arm of chromosome 7H was flanked by the markers GBM1126 and GBM1060. Another resistance gene coincided with the Mla locus. Resistance in RT0 plants was conferred by both resistance genes, which accounted for 58% of the total phenotypic variation. The two resistance genes with the same location on chromosome 7H have different phenotypic effects on the resistance in RT0 plants; therefore, the resistance alleles could be at different loci.
Jakešová H., Řepková J., Nedělník J., Hampel D., Dluhošová J., Soldánová M., Ošťádalová M. (2015): Selecting plants with increased total polyphenol oxidases in the genus Trifolium. Czech J. Genet. Plant Breed., 51: 155-161.One of the aims in red clover (Trifolium pratense) breeding is to increase the polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, which may effectively reduce protein breakdown in silage and when cattle are fed by fresh clover. We analysed total PPO activity spectrophotometrically and on the level of gene expression using real-time quantitative PCR in single plants derived from an interspecific T. pratense × T. medium hybrid. Experiments were performed for two years and evaluated according to the general linear model with three factors (family, year, and cut). The analysis revealed considerable variability in total PPO activity between individuals and between families. Four families and two individuals with significantly higher PPO activity were selected. Their PPO activity ranged from 3.411 to 3.547 mkatal/min/g and from 4.041 to 5.731 mkatal/min/g, respectively, in comparison with the control variety Amos (2.370 mkatal/min/g). The majority of PPO transcripts were expressed by the two genes PPO1/5 and PPO2. In some genotypes, the PPO5 gene was expressed. Quantitative PCR confirmed the highest activity of PPO genes in seven hybrid plants with higher DNA contents corresponding to 30 chromosomes with 815 013 copies per plant. Our results indicate the suitability of combining two methods for improved selection: initial expression analysis to assess the PPO transcript level indicating gene activity and subsequent enzymatic assay.
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