Cyclops syndrome has been defined as a loss of knee extension due to impingement of a pedunculated proliferative tissue mass after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. We describe four patients who were operated on for progressive loss of knee extension after minor knee injury. During the arthroscopic procedure, the consistent finding was a fibrous pedunculated nodule adhering to the anterolateral aspect of the original anterior cruciate ligament, obstructing extension by impingement in the anterior aspect of the knee. At least part of the anterior cruciate ligament was intact in all cases. These patients were compared with seven patients who developed cyclops syndrome after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clinical and arthroscopic findings were the same in both groups. An arthroscopic excision of the nodule, performed an average of 12 weeks after knee trauma or after reconstruction, gave very good results. Histologic examination of the excised nodules from both groups showed fibroelastic connective tissue proliferation, thromboangiitis, and areas of necrotic bone and foreign body giant cell granuloma. On the basis of our observations, we conclude that formation of a fibrous pedunculated nodule may occur after an anterior cruciate ligament injury as well as after surgical reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament.

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The most important factors found to influence the union rate and time to union were stability of fixation and type of plate used for fixation.

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Abstract-Operative fixation of fragments in acetabular fracture treatment is not strong enough to allow weight bearing before the bone is healed. In some patients, even passive or active nonweight-bearing exercises could lead to dislocation of fragments and posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Therefore, early rehabilitation should avoid loading the acetabulum in the regions of fracture lines. The aim of the paper is to estimate acetabular loading in nonweight-bearing upright, supine, and side-lying leg abduction. Three-dimensional mathematical models of the hip joint reaction force and the contact hip stress were used to simulate active exercises in different body positions. The absolute values of the hip joint reaction force and the peak contact hip stress are the highest in unsupported supine abduction (1.3 MPa) and in side-lying abduction (1.2 MPa), lower in upright abduction (0.5 MPa), and the lowest in supported supine abduction (0.2 MPa). All body positions the hip joint reaction force and the peak contact hip stress are the highest in the posterior-superior quadrant of acetabulum, followed by anterior-superior quadrant, posterior-inferior quadrant, and finally anterior-inferior quadrant. Spatial distribution of the average acetabular loading shows that early rehabilitation should be planned according to location of the fracture lines.