Self-other distinction is crucial for empathy, since it prevents the confusion of self-experienced emotions with those of others. We aimed to extend our understanding of the neurocognitive mechanisms of self-other distinction. Thirty-one female participants underwent continuous theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) targeting the right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG), a sub-region of the temporoparietal junction previously shown to be involved in self-other distinction, and the vertex, a cortical control site. Right after stimulation they completed a visuotactile empathy task in an MRI scanner. Self-other distinction was assessed by differences in emotion judgments, and brain activity between conditions differing in the requirement for selfother distinction. Effects of brain stimulation on self-other distinction depended on individual differences in dispositional empathic understanding: cTBS of rSMG, compared to vertex, enhanced self-other distinction in participants with lower dispositional empathic understanding, but diminished it in participants with higher empathic understanding. On the neural level, this inverse relationship between empathic disposition and self-other distinction performance was linked to a reduction of cTBS-induced rSMG activity in persons with lower dispositional empathy, and an increase in those with lower dispositional empathy. These opposite impacts of cTBS were associated with two anatomically and functionally distinct networks. These findings open up novel perspectives on the causal role of rSMG in self-other distinction and empathy. They also suggest that considering individual differences may yield novel insights into how brain stimulation affects higher-level affect and cognition, and its neural correlates. SELF-OTHER DISTINCTION RTMS/FMRI 4 1. Introduction: Our emotional states can interfere with our empathic appreciation of how another person feels, and conversely, others' emotions can sometimes intrude and confuse the way we feel ourselves. These barriers to empathic understanding are referred to as the egocentric and altercentric biases, respectively, and can be overcome via self-other distinction, a mechanism enabling the regulation and resolution of discrepancies as well as confusions between selfexperienced feelings and those experienced by another person (Lamm, Bukowski, & Silani, 2016). Social neuroscience has recently set out to investigate the neural underpinnings of self-other distinction in empathy (Lamm et al., 2016; von Mohr, Finotti, Ambroziak, & Tsakiris, 2019), by means of tailored experimental paradigms. In one study (Silani, Lamm, Ruff, & Singer, 2013) combining behavioral, neuroimaging and brain stimulation experiments, we had shown that the right supramarginal gyrus (rSMG) plays a specific and causal role in empathy-related self-other distinction. The present study builds up on this prior evidence. Here, we investigated the neural network underpinning empathy-related self-other distinction, by combining theta burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (c...