IOHC is clearly defined by CT, and it should be considered in larger Spaniel breeds, with a chronic forelimb lameness or HCF.

History of trauma, stick retrieval, submandibular/cervical swelling, and discharging sinus are commonly encountered in the presentation of this condition. The sublingual area was the most frequent portal of entry recorded, although in chronic cases the initial site of injury was often unclear. Radiography and endoscopy, while offering definitive diagnosis with positive findings, often provide false negative findings. Aggressive surgical debridement of all sinus tracts is essential in obtaining a successful result, but recovery of a foreign body is not necessarily a determinant of success.

The radiographic anatomy of the temporomandibular joint in the dog and cat is described in dorsoventral and oblique projections. The positioning for different oblique views in conventional radiography and technical details of computed tomography are reviewed. Typical radiographic features of craniomandibular osteopathy, dysplasia, luxation, subluxation, fractures, ankylosis, degenerative joint disease, infection, and neoplasia involving the temporomandibular joint are discussed.

The diagnosis of discospondylitis is based mainly on diagnostic imaging and laboratory results. Herein, we describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in 13 dogs with confirmed discospondylitis. In total there were 17 sites of discospondylitis. Eleven (81.1%) of the dogs had spinal pain for >3 weeks and a variable degree of neurologic signs. Two dogs had spinal pain and ataxia for 4 days. Radiographs were available in nine of the dogs. In MR images there was always involvement of two adjacent vertebral endplates and the associated disk. The involved endplates and adjacent marrow were T1-hypointense with hyperintensity in short tau inversion recovery (STIR) images in all dogs, and all dogs also had contrast enhancement of endplates and paravertebral tissues. The intervertebral disks were hyperintense in T2W and STIR images and characterized by contrast enhancement in 15 sites (88.2%). Endplate erosion was present in 15 sites (88.2%) and was associated with T2-hypointense bone marrow adjacent to it. In two sites (11.8%) endplate erosion was not MR images or radiographically. The vertebral bone marrow in these sites was T2-hyperintense. Epidural extension was conspicuous in postcontrast images at 15 sites (88.2%). Spinal cord compression was present at 15 sites (88.2%), and all affected dogs had neurologic signs. Subluxation was present in two sites (11.8%). MRI shows characteristic features of discospondylitis, and it allows the recognition of the exact location and extension (to the epidural space and paravertebral soft tissues) of the infection. Furthermore, MRI increases lesion conspicuity in early discospondylitis that may not be visualized by radiography.

CKCSs had a shallower caudal cranial fossa and abnormalities of the occipital bone, compared with those of mesaticephalic dogs. These changes were more severe in CKCSs with syringomyelia.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the accuracy of reconstructed computed tomography for imaging canine elbow joint spaces.METHODS: Computed tomography scans of eight cadaveric elbows were obtained and reconstructed computed tomography images were formatted in the dorsal and sagittal planes. Humeroradial and humeroulnar joint space measurements were obtained from these images. Intra-observer and inter-observer variations in joint space measurements were assessed, as was the effect of specimen positioning (inter-image variation). After freezing, four elbows were sectioned in the dorsal plane and four in the sagittal plane. In addition to visual comparison of the frozen sections with reconstructed computed tomography images, joint space measurements were obtained from frozen sections and compared with those from reconstructed computed tomography images.Variation was assessed using statistical calculations and graphical techniques.RESULTS: Both inter-image and intra-observer analyses revealed good agreement and low variation between data sets. Interobserver correlation was only moderate, though variation was low.Visually, the reconstructed computed tomography images accurately reflected the frozen section anatomy. Agreement between frozen section and reconstructed computed tomography joint space measurements was good, with minimal variation.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: These results indicate that reconstructed computed tomography is capable of accurately imaging elbow joint spaces and precise joint space measurements can be obtained.Reconstructed computed tomography may be useful for determining joint space measurements and detecting elbow incongruencies in dogs with elbow dysplasia.

Cyclosporin was used, as the sole agent, to treat six cases of anal furunculosis, allowing the clinical response to the drug to be evaluated. The initial dose was 7.5 mg/kg twice a day. Following one week of treatment, whole blood cyclosporin trough levels were measured and the dose was adjusted to obtain a stable trough level of 400 to 600 ng/ml. In all dogs, the lesions were found to follow a similar pattern of resolution throughout the course of treatment. The presenting signs disappeared within one week of treatment, with a reduction in lesion size of 50 to 90 per cent. Lesions then gradually healed over the remainder of the treatment, which lasted from 10 to 20 weeks. One case required cryosurgical treatment to resolve a 2 mm diameter persistent ulcerated lesion following 18 weeks of treatment. The length of follow-up was four to 14 months (mean 7.7 months). One case developed recurrence of the lesions eight weeks post-treatment.

A clinical and radiographic study was carried out on 2016 randomly selected Atlantic salmon parr from six farms, which weighed between 55 and 100 g. In addition, 86 fish from six marine farms were similarly studied. Radiographically detectable vertebral lesions were found in 3.8-8.8% of the parr. The changes ranged from a single vertebra showing features, such as demineralization, increased density and slight loss of structure, to fish with multiple vertebrae affected by collapse, fusion and change in intervertebral space that could give rise to lordosis or kyphosis or abnormal vertebrae at several locations. The predominant location was the vertebral region V21-27, and rarely V44 caudad. The radiographic changes in seawater salmon mirrored those found in parr, but vertebrae V35 caudad were more frequently involved. Very few parr were found to have abnormal vertebrae in the peduncle area which suggests that the development of lesions at this location occurs de novo in the seawater phase, given that 'stumpy' fish are most frequent reported deformity at slaughter. It was concluded that minor vertebral change could be detected radiographically in many parr with no observable effect on external morphology. Whether such minor radiographic alteration would proceed to observable morphological change at slaughter weight is open to question.