Retained fetal membranesRetained fetal membranes (RFM) are defined as the failure of an animal to expel the fetal membranes, within 24 hours of the end of parturition. Retained placenta is an alternative name used for RFM. There is some variation in the literature about the duration of retention that defines the clinical disorder. Some prefer to define retention as being for12 hours, but the timing is arbitrary and most normal cows expel the fetal membranes within a few hours of parturition. The incidence of RFM varies amongst herds, but is typically 5 to 10% of animals.The importance of RFM is that they are associated with reduced milk yield and an increased risk of metritis. MetritisMetritis is most common within 10 days of parturition. Metritis is characterized by an enlarged uterus and a watery red-brown fluid, to viscous off-white purulent, uterine discharge, which often has a fetid odour (Sheldon et al 2006). The incidence of metritis varies between breed, country and herd, but in a study of the records from 97,318 cows in the USA, the lactation incidence of metritis, including RFM, was 21% (Zwald et al 2004). However, in some studies the incidence is as high as 40% of the herd. The associated clinical signs are used to classify the severity of disease, which varies from unapparent disease to fatal toxaemic metritis. Clinical endometritisClinical endometritis is defined as the presence of a purulent uterine discharge detectable in the vagina of cattle 21 days or more postpartum, or a mucopurulent discharge detectable in the vagina after 26 days postpartum (Sheldon et al 2006). The incidence of clinical endometritis is around 10 to 20%, with variation between breed, country and herd; a typical study reported that 16.9% of 1,865 dairy cows were affected in Canada (LeBlanc et al
Uterine disease is a common cause of infertility and thus economic loss in dairy herds, yet in many herds the true incidence of disease is unknown. Accurate monitoring, identification and recording are essential to highlight when the incidence of uterine disease is too high and intervention is required. While prevention is always preferable to cure, when cases of uterine disease do occur it is important that they are treated and managed correctly to reduce any further impact on subsequent performance. This clinical forum will review the different presentations of uterine disease and seek the opinions of an expert panel on their approach to its management, monitoring and investigation.
Introduction A panoply of studies have been indicating that estrogens are protective agents in prostate carcinogenesis. However, the physiological effects of estrogens in PCa mainly have been associated with the differential activation of the nuclear estrogens receptors (ER), with much less knowledge existing on the membrane ER. The G protein-coupled ER (GPER), known to be involved in the rapid nongenomic responses, has been linked to antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects and is a likely candidate mediating the 'anti-carcinogenic' actions of estrogens. This work aims to characterise the GPER' role controlling proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism of PCa cells. Material and methods The nonneoplastic PNT1A cell line and neoplastic LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 cell lines were maintained in culture in RPMI 1640 medium. GPER expression pattern was characterised by Western blot. Fluorescent immunocytochemistry allowed determining the subcellular localization of GPER by colocalization with wheat germ agglutinin, calnexin, and hoescht. PNT1A, LNCaP, DU145 and PC3 cells were treated with the GPER specific agonist G1 (1 mM) for 24 hour. Cell viability was assessed by the MTT assay. The effect of GPER activation on cell proliferation, apoptosis and metabolism was assessed by analysing the expression of key proteins in each process. Also, the enzymatic activity of caspase-3 and LHD was measured. Glucose consumption and lactate production were determined using commercial kits. Results and discussions GPER was differentially expressed in PCa cell line models depending on their aggressiveness and disease status. GPER expression was highest in the androgensensitive and less aggressive LNCaP cells and decreased in the more aggressive castration-resistant cell line models (DU145 and PC3). GPER was located at the cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and also in the nucleus. The activation of GPER by G1 decreased PCa cells viability, concomitantly with altered expression of key regulators of proliferation and apoptosis. Furthermore, G1-stimulated cells displayed augmented caspase-3 activity comparatively to the control group. G1 treatment also modulated PCa cell metabolism with altered glucose consumption and lactate production. Conclusion GPER activation decreased viability of PCa cells whereas enhancing apoptosis. Also, PCa metabolic profile was altered in response to G1. These findings stimulate further research to ascertain the role of GPER as a therapeutic target.
The trial used 2530 recorded services of 1619 animals on 19 dairy farms. Alternate cows were injected intramuscular with 10μg buserelin, a GnRH analogue (Receptal, Hoechst UK), 11 days after insemination. The pregnancy rate was calculated for control and treated cows, paired for calving to first service interval, parity and week of service. For 520 paired control and treated cows the pregnancy rate to first service was 50.6% and 60%, respectively (p <0.01). For second and subsequent services each cow was grouped according to treatment or control status in the preceding dioestrus period, in addition to day 11 after service. This gave three treated groups: treated, treated (TT); treated, control (TC); and control, treated (CT) which could then be compared to the control, control (CC) group. For 136 paired CC and CT cows the pregnancy rate to second service was 41.2% and 54.4% respectively (p <0.05). For 67 paired CC and CT cows the pregnancy rate to third service or more was 23.9% and 52.2% respectively (p <0.001). For 40 paired CC and TT cows the pregnancy rate to third service or more was 15.0% and 45.0% respectively (p <0.01). The increased pregnancy rate after treatment was associated with a reduction in the number of cows with interoestrus intervals of 11-17 days compared with control cows (2% vs. 7%, p <0.01).
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