Given the tremendous success of the Internet of Things in interconnecting consumer devices, we observe a natural trend to likewise interconnect devices in industrial settings, referred to as Industrial Internet of Things or Industry 4.0. While this coupling of industrial components provides many benefits, it also introduces serious security challenges. Although sharing many similarities with the consumer Internet of Things, securing the Industrial Internet of Things introduces its own challenges but also opportunities, mainly resulting from a longer lifetime of components and a larger scale of networks. In this paper, we identify the unique security goals and challenges of the Industrial Internet of Things, which, unlike consumer deployments, mainly follow from safety and productivity requirements. To address these security goals and challenges, we provide a comprehensive survey of research efforts to secure the Industrial Internet of Things, discuss their applicability, and analyze their security benefits.
Under intermittent Internet connectivity, enabling interaction between smart objects and mobile users in the Internet of Things (IoT) becomes a challenge. We thus discuss the notion of a "Challenged IoT" and propose Direct Interaction with Smart Challenged Objects (DISCO), enabling objects to define their interaction patterns and interface. Building on the distinct features of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), objects then convey their interface directly to mobile users. DISCO mitigates the need for Internet connectivity and pre-installed interfaces, i.e., smartphone apps, of existing approaches and proposes autonomous and local interaction with smart objects as a challenged network scenario. We implement DISCO for Android and iOS smartphones as well as Linux and Arduino objects and illustrate the design space of interaction patterns with Augmented Reality (AR) interaction based on visual object recognition within the tangible interaction sphere of the user. Our system evaluation shows the immediate real-life feasibility and applicability of DISCO on current hardware.
Abstract-Nowadays wireless communications still lack the ability to provide high reliability and low latency, although mission-critical applications, such as found in industrial automation, rely on both requirements. The main challenge is that an improved reliability often comes at the price of an increased latency. It has been shown that cooperative schemes can effectively increase the reliability by leveraging spatial diversity. However, an important question remains how to integrate cooperative schemes when dealing with very short latency bounds and especially how much time should be reserved for potential retransmissions. In this work, we propose and evaluate a centralized communication system that uses cooperative ARQ to achieve high reliability under the constraint of a strict latency bound of 1 ms. We evaluate this system analytically, using an outage-capacity model with average channel state information, by varying the reserved time for retransmissions, where a shorter time for retransmissions allows to apply stronger channel codes in the original transmission. As a baseline, we use a system without cooperation mechanism, thus applying the given time for stronger channel codes in the direct transmission of a message. In case of cooperation, a third station may act as a relay if the original transmission failed. Our results reveal that an optimal size of the reserved retransmission time exists around 15% to 30% of the total frame time, increasing the reliability by several orders of magnitude, even for a large number of transmissions within a communication cycle.
This work focuses on the performance of multi-terminal wireless industrial networks, where the transmissions of all terminals are required to be scheduled within a tight deadline. The transmissions thus share a fixed amount of resources, i.e., symbols, while facing short blocklengths due to the low-latency requirement. We investigate two distinct relaying strategies, namely best relay selection among the participating terminals and best antenna selection at the access point of the network. In both schemes, we incorporate the cost of acquiring instantaneous Channel State Information (CSI) at the access point within the transmission deadline. An error probability model is developed under the finite blocklength regime to provide accurate performance results. As a reference, this model is compared to the corresponding infinite bocklength error model. Both analytical models are validated by simulation. We show that the average Packet Error Rate (PER) over all terminals is convex in the target error probability at each single link. Moreover, we find that: (i) The reliability behavior is different for the two strategies, while the limiting factors are both finite blocklengths and overhead of acquiring CSI. (ii) With the same order of diversity, best antenna selection is more reliable than best relay selection. (iii) The average PER is increasing in the number of participating terminals unless the terminals also act as relay candidates. In particular, if each participating terminal is a candidate for best relay selection, the PER is convex in the number of terminals. Index TermsFinite blocklength, packet error rate, multi-terminal communications, wireless industrial network, ultra-low latency, ultra-high reliability.
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