The use of non-metallic, textile reinforcement structures in place of steel reinforcement is a key component in making concrete constructions more sustainable and durable than they currently are. The reason for this is the corrosion resistance of textile reinforcements, which makes it possible to reduce the thickness of the concrete cover and at the same time extend the service life of concrete structures. This reduces the amount of cement required and thus also the emission of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2). By means of textile manufacturing technologies, customized, load-adapted reinforcement topologies can be adjusted to the requirements of highly stressed and well-designed concrete components. The objective of this paper is to give an overview of recent research literature dedicated to textile reinforcement structures that are already used for concrete applications in the construction industry as well as those currently under development. Therefore, textile reinforcement structures, which are divided into one-, two- and three-dimensional topologies, as well as common materials used for textile-reinforced concrete (TRC) are reviewed. Most research has so far been devoted to two-dimensional textile reinforcement structures. Furthermore, novel approaches to the fabrication of textile reinforcement structures for concrete applications based on robotic yarn deposition technologies are addressed.
The main advantages of textiles as concrete reinforcement are high corrosion resistance, allowing for thin concrete covers, high drapability, and high strength. Due to these advantages, textiles are particularly suitable as reinforcement for 3D printed concrete, where thin elements and freeform geometries are possible. In this article, a new type of textile reinforcement for the integration into 3D concrete printing is investigated: unidirectional carbon fiber tapes. Carbon fiber tapes are made from carbon fiber rovings by spreading. Three carbon fiber tapes are produced and used as reinforcement in concrete specimens subjected to four‐point bending tests. The results show that for a spreading factor of 2.2 (areal weight 136 g/m2), the flexural strength of the beams is increased by 125% compared to reference beams reinforced with unspread rovings. Further increase of the spreading factor does not increase flexural strength further as the failure mode changes from rupture to spalling.
One major challenge preventing widespread introduction of digital concrete production is the integration of reinforcing materials. Textile grid structures offer a possible solution for this challenge. Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) has been researched for approximately 20 years and is currently being commercialized, initially in pre-cast elements for facades and bridges. TRC enables the construction of thin-walled, strong structures with a high freedom of design, properties well suited for the integration in digital concrete production. First trials for this integration have been performed and published. However, these studies only use short fibres mixed into the concrete matrix or textile reinforcement within the printing plane, which limits the transferred loads. This study shows the results of preliminary tests of vertical, out-of-plane textile reinforcements for digital concrete production. The textile reinforcement is fixed vertically and the concrete printing process is performed diagonally, “through” the textile. The results of four-point bending tests are presented.
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