Tissue engineering is an important therapeutic strategy to be used in regenerative medicine in the present and in the future. Functional biomaterials research is focused on the development and improvement of scaffolding, which can be used to repair or regenerate an organ or tissue. Scaffolds are one of the crucial factors for tissue engineering. Scaffolds consisting of natural polymers have recently been developed more quickly and have gained more popularity. These include chitosan, a copolymer derived from the alkaline deacetylation of chitin. Expectations for use of these scaffolds are increasing as the knowledge regarding their chemical and biological properties expands, and new biomedical applications are investigated. Due to their different biological properties such as being biocompatible, biodegradable, and bioactive, they have given the pattern for use in tissue engineering for repair and/or regeneration of different tissues including skin, bone, cartilage, nerves, liver, and muscle. In this review, we focus on the intrinsic properties offered by chitosan and its use in tissue engineering, considering it as a promising alternative for regenerative medicine as a bioactive polymer.
In this paper, the thermal and ventilation potential of a geothermal Earth-to-Air Heat exchanger (EAHE) is studied for six weather in Mexico. The cities for the study and their climate were Villahermosa (hot-humid), Merida (hot-sub humid), Monterrey (dry), Juarez City (very dry), Zacualtipan-Hidalgo (warm-humid) and Mexico City (warm-sub-humid). The thermal behavior of the EAHE was modeled numerically for the corresponding warmest and coldest days of the year for each city and three values of Reynolds number. The 24 hrs simulations were carried out with an in-house code using data every 10 minutes. To get the results, 5,184 computational runs were necessary. The results showed that the EAHE has poor ventilation potential for climates with high levels of humidity such as Villahermosa, while for cities with low levels of humidity such as Chihuahua, the ventilation potential increases significantly, the rest of the cities fall in between. As for its application in Mexico, the results show that the EAHE is highly recommended for dry climates such as at the north of the country and not recommended for humid climates such as at the south and south-east of the country.
Introduction:A microsurgical anterior cervical approach with discectomy and fusion (MACDF) is one of the most widely used procedures for treating radicular disorders. This approach is highly successful; however, it is not free from complications. These can be associated with soft tissue injuries.Aim of the Study:The recognition of the risks for these complications should be identified for timely prevention and safe treatment.Materials and Methods:Study Design: Retrospective case control study. This study includes a retrospective case series of 37 patients, paying special attention to immediate complications related to the use of mechanical retraction of soft tissue (dysphagia, dysphonia, esophageal lesions and local hematoma); and a comparative analysis of the outcomes after changes in the retraction method.Results:All selected cases had a positive neurological symptom response in relation to neuropathic pain. Dysphagia and dysphonia were found during the first 72 h in 94.1% of the cases in which automatic mechanical retraction was used for more than one hour during the surgical procedure. A radical change was noted in the reduction of the symptoms after the use of only manual protective blades without automatic mechanical retraction: 5.1% dysphagia and 0% dysphonia in the immediate post-operative period, P = 0.001.Conclusions:Soft tissue damage due to the use of automatic retractors in MACDF is not minor and leads to general discomfort in the patient in spite of good neurological results. These problems most often occur when automatic retractors are used continuously for more than 1 hour, as well as when they are used in multiple levels. Dysphagia, dysphonia and local pain decreased with the use of transient manual blades for retraction, and with intermittent release following minimally invasive principles.
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