Research on small-molecule-based organic semiconductors has undoubtedly been strongly influenced by xerographic photoconductors like triarylamines, the first important organic electronic materials in market products.[1] Their development was strongly influenced by the Bässler model, which provided a rationale for the design of amorphous organic photo-and semiconductors.[2] According to this model, only compounds that lack dipole moments are considered promising for charge-carrier transport because the increased energetic disorder associated with dipole moments is thought to impede charge hopping. Recently, we questioned this paradigm in the field of organic photovoltaics (OPV) and successfully implemented highly dipolar merocyanine dyes as active components for light harvesting as well as exciton and hole transport in solution-cast bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells.[3] The rationale behind our concept [4] was that highly dipolar donor-acceptor (D-A) substituted p systems (also called push-pull dyes) self-assemble into centrosymmetric dimers, [5] thus effectively eliminating molecular dipole moments on the supramolecular and material levels.[6] Two drawbacks of our BHJ materials, however, limited the acceptance of our concept so far. Firstly, the best solar cells were obtained for merocyanine dyes whose molecular scaffolds were equipped with rather bulky substituents that interfere with close face-to-face antiparallel dimerization.[3] Secondly, the power-conversion efficiencies (h) under standard AM1.5, 100 mW cm À2 simulated solar illumination conditions for solution-cast BHJ cells with fullerenes-although significantly advanced by more sophisticated vacuum processing [7] -could not be improved beyond 2.6 %, which is significantly lower than the best solutionprocessed small-molecule-based BHJ devices fabricated with A-D-A and D-A-D chromophores, for example, acceptorsubstituted oligothiophenes (up to 3.7 %) [8] and triarylamines (up to 4.3 %), [9] diketopyrrolopyrroles (up to 4.4 %), [10] and squaraines (up to 5.2 %).[11] Herein, we introduce dipolar D-A dyes with flat structures that undoubtedly form centrosymmetric dimers [5] with perfectly cancelled dipole moments in the solid state. Solution-processed BHJ solar cells derived thereof exhibit power-conversion efficiencies up to 4.5-5.1 % (dependent on light intensity), clearly placing D-A dyes now among the top-performing small molecules in the field of organic photovoltaics.Scheme 1 outlines the synthetic route that follows our earlier work on merocyanine dyes for photorefractive materials [12] and the simple access to 5-dialkylamino-thiophene-2-carbaldehydes by Hartmann.[13] Detailed synthetic procedures and characterization data are described in the Supporting Information.The optical properties of the synthesized dyes were investigated by UV/Vis and electro-optical absorption spectroscopy.[14] Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry was performed for each dye to obtain information about their highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecu...

In order to be competitive on the energy market, organic solar cells with higher efficiency are needed. To date, polymer solar cells have retained the lead with efficiencies of up to 8%. However, research on small molecule solar cells has been catching up throughout recent years and is showing similar efficiencies, however, only for more sophisticated multilayer device configurations. In this work, a simple, highly efficient, vacuum‐processed small molecule solar cell based on merocyanine dyes – traditional colorants that can easily be mass‐produced and purified – is presented. In the past, merocyanines have been successfully introduced in solution‐processed as well as vacuum‐processed devices, demonstrating efficiencies up to 4.9%. Here, further optimization of devices is achieved while keeping the same simple layer stack, ultimately leading to efficiencies beyond the 6% mark. In addition, physical properties such as the charge carrier transport and the cell performance under various light intensities are addressed.

We have synthesized a series of new, polymethine chain extended merocyanine dyes 1−4 bearing varied acceptor units and an aminothiophene donor moiety. The optical and electronic properties of these new merocyanines have been studied in comparison with their corresponding lower homologues 5−8, which contain two methine groups less, by UV−vis and electrooptical absorption (EOA) spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The absorption spectra of π-extended merocyanines are markedly redshifted, and their extinction coefficients are significantly increased compared to those of their lower homologues. The photovoltaic characteristics of these dyes have been explored in devices using them as donor and PC 61 BM fullerene as acceptor materials. Our detailed studies reveal that, despite more favorable absorption properties, the π-extended merocyanines exhibit lower short-circuit current densities (J SC ) as well as decreased open-circuit voltages (V OC ) and power conversion efficiencies (PCE) compared with those of their respective lower homologues. The unexpected decreased J SC values could be explained in terms of looser packing features of π-extended chromophores in the solid state as revealed by single-crystal X-ray analysis of two pairs (1/5 and 4/8) of these dyes. By optimization of device setup PCE of 2.3% has been achieved with the π-extended donor material 4.

Research on small-molecule-based organic semiconductors has undoubtedly been strongly influenced by xerographic photoconductors like triarylamines, the first important organic electronic materials in market products.[1] Their development was strongly influenced by the Bässler model, which provided a rationale for the design of amorphous organic photo-and semiconductors.[2] According to this model, only compounds that lack dipole moments are considered promising for charge-carrier transport because the increased energetic disorder associated with dipole moments is thought to impede charge hopping. Recently, we questioned this paradigm in the field of organic photovoltaics (OPV) and successfully implemented highly dipolar merocyanine dyes as active components for light harvesting as well as exciton and hole transport in solution-cast bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells.[3] The rationale behind our concept [4] was that highly dipolar donor-acceptor (D-A) substituted p systems (also called push-pull dyes) self-assemble into centrosymmetric dimers, [5] thus effectively eliminating molecular dipole moments on the supramolecular and material levels.[6] Two drawbacks of our BHJ materials, however, limited the acceptance of our concept so far. Firstly, the best solar cells were obtained for merocyanine dyes whose molecular scaffolds were equipped with rather bulky substituents that interfere with close face-to-face antiparallel dimerization.[3] Secondly, the power-conversion efficiencies (h) under standard AM1.5, 100 mW cm À2 simulated solar illumination conditions for solution-cast BHJ cells with fullerenes-although significantly advanced by more sophisticated vacuum processing [7] -could not be improved beyond 2.6 %, which is significantly lower than the best solutionprocessed small-molecule-based BHJ devices fabricated with A-D-A and D-A-D chromophores, for example, acceptorsubstituted oligothiophenes (up to 3.7 %) [8] and triarylamines (up to 4.3 %), [9] diketopyrrolopyrroles (up to 4.4 %), [10] and squaraines (up to 5.2 %).[11] Herein, we introduce dipolar D-A dyes with flat structures that undoubtedly form centrosymmetric dimers [5] with perfectly cancelled dipole moments in the solid state. Solution-processed BHJ solar cells derived thereof exhibit power-conversion efficiencies up to 4.5-5.1 % (dependent on light intensity), clearly placing D-A dyes now among the top-performing small molecules in the field of organic photovoltaics.Scheme 1 outlines the synthetic route that follows our earlier work on merocyanine dyes for photorefractive materials [12] and the simple access to 5-dialkylamino-thiophene-2-carbaldehydes by Hartmann.[13] Detailed synthetic procedures and characterization data are described in the Supporting Information.The optical properties of the synthesized dyes were investigated by UV/Vis and electro-optical absorption spectroscopy.[14] Furthermore, cyclic voltammetry was performed for each dye to obtain information about their highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecu...

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A novel bis(merocyanine) dye has been synthesized and its folding and aggregation behavior has been elucidated in dependence on the solvent polarity. Extended cofacially p-stacked H-aggregates could be prepared in nonpolar solvents based on the preorganized folded dimer structure of the dye exhibiting a more than 120 nm hypsochromic shift of the absorption band. Furthermore, incorporation of such H-aggregate domains in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells by careful adjustment of processing conditions afforded a nearly twofold increase in the photocurrent generation. Our detailed investigations on the external quantum efficiencies of these blends reveal that the increase of the shortcircuit current density J SC stems from the H-aggregated dye manifold in the photoactive layer of the solar cell devices. Results and discussion SynthesisThe target bis(merocyanine) dye 4 was synthesized according to the route depicted in Scheme 1. In the rst step, the literature

We present a highly efficient tandem solar cell based on a merocyanine dye, containing two identical subcells connected in series. A recombination layer of Al/MoO3 was used. Due to a substantial improvement of the fill factor, the overall efficiency of the tandem cell was even higher than that of the single-cell reference with identical active layer thickness. By combining the planar heterojunction and the bulk heterojunction concept, efficiencies up to 4.8% were achieved while maintaining a rather simple, fully vacuum-processed device stack consisting of only four organic layers. The optimized open-circuit voltage was as large as 2.1 V.

A solution processable all-thiophene polyazomethine used as a photoactive/donor layer in a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic device with PC60BM.