This article is about Nayib Bukele’s presidency in El Salvador, and to what extent it is a case of populism, and if it has contributed to a negative democratic development between 2019–2021. By using the concepts of democratic backsliding, autocratization, and populism, three main conclusions are made. First, actions taken by Bukele during his presidency has directly contributed to a negative democratic development. Second, both during the electoral campaign and in office, there are also signs of populism, such as anti-pluralism, hijacking the state, mass clientelism, and a feeling of a less democratic civil society and free media. Consequently, Bukele has pushed the country into a process of autocratization, where the future destiny toward less democracy is still uncertain.
Historically, customer categorisation has usually implied categorization by fuse size, Industry-code, type of residence, estimated annual consumption and alternatively by actual consumption pattern. The latter has primarily been applied for larger consumers. Thanks to the hourly metering reform in Sweden, several calendar years of consumptions data with hourly resolution are now available, which presents new methods of categorization of customers. The logic behind categorizing customers is multi-layered, but often connected to retail, pricing, balancing, forecast, wholesale and portfolio management or enabling DR for balancing services.
In the early 2000s, the European Union (EU) enlarged eastward into postcommunist territory. This was a successful foreign policy strategy to protect and promote European norms and values. In 2004, the EU decided on a new European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) toward neighboring states. The ENP aimed to create a ring of friends. This article assesses the ENP on democratization in eastern and southern partner states, 16 partner states altogether, in 2004-2014. It is argued that, despite the ENP effort to protect Europe by promoting democratic norms and values, the EU's borders are under heavy pressure from authoritarianism and political instability.
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