This study aimed to investigate whether a single bout of Self-myofascial Release (SMR) has a beneficial effect on peripheral and central Blood Pressure (BP) and different parameters of arterial stiffness. Twenty nine healthy male recreational athletes (26.1 ± 2.9 years, BMI 23.4 ± 1.5 kg/m2) completed an instructed SMR using a foam roller. Peripheral and central BP and different parameters of arterial stiffness were measured noninvasively before SMR and at different time points (t1, t15, t30) during a subsequent 30-min recovery phase. There was a significant decrease in both systolic (t15, −2.36 ± 4.45 mmHg, p = 0.05; t30, −4.01 ± 4.47 mmHg, p = 0.003) and diastolic (t30, −2.45 ± 5.45 mmHg, p = 0.025) peripheral pressure during the recovery phase after SMR. Regarding central BP, only systolic pressure showed a significant decrease (t30, −3.64 ± 5.83 mmHg, p = 0.003). Mean arterial pressure (t15, −1.91 ± 3.36, p = 0.03; t30, −3.05 ± 2.88 mmHg, p < 0.001), augmentation pressure (t30, −1.60 ± 2.40 mmHg, p = 0.009), peripheral resistance (t30, −0.09 ± 0.10 s* mmHg/ml, p < 0.001), and stiffness index β0 (t30, −0.33 ± 0.55, p = 0.021) were significantly reduced after SMR. No significant changes were determined for reflection coefficient, augmentation index, cardiac output, and heart rate, respectively. SMR showed effects on peripheral and central BP and different parameters of arterial stiffness in healthy young adults.
Due to physiological and anatomical sex differences, there are variations in the training response, and the recovery periods following exercise may be different. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols are well-suited to differentially investigate the course of recovery. This study was conducted to determine sex-specific differences in the recovery following HIIT intervals interspersed with recovery phases of different lengths. Methods: Well-trained cyclists and triathletes (n = 11 females, n = 11 males) participated in this study. There were no significant sex differences in maximal heart rate (HR), relative peak power to body mass and fat-free mass, training volume, and VO2max-percentiles (females: 91.8 ± 5.5 %, males: 94.6 ± 5.4 %). A 30 s Wingate test was performed four times, separated by different active recovery periods (1, 3, or 10 min). Lactate, HR, oxygen uptake, and subjective rating of exertion and recovery were determined. Results: For the recovery time of three and ten minutes, men showed significantly higher lactate concentrations (p = 0.04, p = 0.004). Contrary, HR recovery and subjective recovery were significant slower in women than in men. Conclusion: During HIIT, women may be more resistant to fatigue and have a greater ability to recover metabolically, but have a slower HR and subjective recovery.
This study aimed to examine the effects of manipulating the rest intervals during sprint interval training (SIT) on post-exercise hypotension and within-session oxygen consumption.Thirty healthy, trained adults (aged 30.9 ± 8.7 years; 14 males, 16 females; BMI 22.1 ± 2.3 kg/m 2 ; VO 2 max 50.7 ± 7.8 ml/kg/min) completed two different SIT protocols (4x 30-seconds all-out cycling sprints) with a one-week washout period. Sprint bouts were separated by either 1 (R1) or 3 (R3) minutes of active recovery. Both before and throughout the 45 min after the training, peripheral systolic (pSBP) and diastolic (pDBP) blood pressure, central systolic (cSBP) and diastolic (cDBP) blood pressure, aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), stroke volume (SV), and heart rate (HR) were assessed. Throughout the SIT protocols, oxygen consumption (VO 2 ) was monitored.There were no significant differences in time spent at 75%, 85%, 95%, and 100% of maximal VO 2 between R1 and R3. After R3, there was a significant reduction in pSBP, pDBP, cSBP, cDBP, and aPWV. After R1, there were no changes in the respective parameters. There were significant interaction effects in pSBD (p < 0.001), pDBP (p < 0.001), cSBP (p < 0.001), cDBP (p = 0.001), and aPWV (p = 0.033). HR significantly increased after both conditions. Only R1 resulted in a significant reduction in SV.Longer resting intervals during SIT bouts seem to result in more substantial post-exercise hypotension effects. Time spent at a high percentage of maximal VO 2 was not affected by rest interval manipulation. KEYWORDSSprint interval training; postexercise hypotension; blood pressure; hemodynamics; rest interval manipulation Highlights-Previous studies assessing the health and performance effects of sprint interval training mainly follow very uniform protocols. Little attention has been given to assessing whether training variables can be modulated to achieve beneficial cardiometabolic adaptations.-3-minute resting intervals during sprint interval training bouts result in more substantial post-exercise hypotension effects compared to 1-minute resting intervals. Time spent at a high percentage of maximal oxygen consumption was not affected.-The presented findings have important implications for cardiovascular prevention programs as modified sprint interval training protocols potently stimulate post-exercise hypotension in a time-efficient manner.
Due to physiological and morphological differences, younger and older athletes may recover differently from training loads. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols are useful for studying the progression of recovery. It was the objective of this study to determine age differences in performance and recovery following different HIIT protocols. Methods: 12 younger (24.5 ± 3.7 years) and 12 older (47.3 ± 8.6 years) well-trained cyclists and triathletes took part in this study. Between the age groups there were no significant differences in relative peak power to fat-free mass, maximal heart rate (HR), training volume, and VO2max-percentiles (%). Participants performed different HIIT protocols consisting of 4 × 30 s Wingate tests with different active rest intervals (1, 3, or 10 min). Peak and average power, lactate, HR, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), subjective rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and recovery (Total Quality Recovery scale, TQR) were assessed. Results: During the different HIIT protocols, metabolic, cardiovascular, and subjective recovery were similar between the two groups. No significant differences were found in average lactate concentration, peak and average power, fatigue (%), %HRmax, RER, RPE, and TQR values between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that recovery following HIIT does not differ between the two age groups. Furthermore, older and younger participants displayed similar lactate kinetics after the intermittent exercise protocols.
This study assessed the post-exercise hypotension (PEH) effect in a sample of matched young and older adults after different sprint interval training (SIT) protocols. From forty-three participants enrolled in this study, twelve younger (24 ± 3 years) and 12 older (50 ± 7 years) participants, matched for the body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and VO2max-percentiles, were selected. The participants completed two SIT protocols consisting of 4 × 30 s exercise bouts interspersed by either one (SIT1) or three minutes (SIT3) of active rest. The peripheral systolic (pSBP) and diastolic (pDBP) blood pressure, central systolic (cSBP) and diastolic (cDBP) blood pressure, pulse wave velocity (PWV), and heart rate (HR) were obtained before and at different measurement time points (t5, t15, t30, t45) after the exercise. No significant time × group interactions were detected in pSBP (p = 0.242, η² = 0.060), pDBP (p = 0.379, η² = 0.046), cSBP (p = 0.091, η² = 0.861), cDBP (p = 0.625, η² = 0.033), PWV (p = 0.133, η² = 0.076), and HR (p = 0.190, η² = 0.123) after SIT1. For SIT3 no significant time × group interactions could be detected for pSBP (p = 0.773, η² = 0.020), pDBP (p = 0.972, η² = 0.006), cSBP (p = 0.239, η² = 0.060), cDBP (p = 0.535, η² = 0.036), PWV (p = 0.402, η² = 0.044), and HR (p = 0.933, η² = 0.009). Matched samples of young and older adults reveal similar PEH effects after HIIT. Accordingly, age does not seem to affect PEH after SIT. These results show that rest interval length and age modulate the PEH effect after SIT.
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