FMRI was measured by the BOLD method using a gradient-echo EPI sequence with the following parameters: TE=30 ms, TR=3 s, flip angle 90°. The measured volume consisted of 39 continual slices of 2 mm in thickness and the size of the measured voxel (spatial resolution) was 2 x 2 x 2 mm (FOV=208 x 208 mm, matrix 104 x 104, reconstruction matrix 128 x 128, SENSE factor of 1.8). FMRI was performed in all the subjects. An alternation of a black and white checkerboard (Figure 1) was shown to the subjects during the fMRI acquisition. The alternation was in the form of colour inversion with the frequency of 2 Hz. During the resting phase, the subjects were shown a static cross hair placed in the middle of the visual field. Each measurement consisted of a five30-second blocks of active phase periods (10 dynamic scans) and five resting periods of the same length. Altogether, each measurement consisted of 100 dynamic scans and lasted 5 minutes. FMRI assessment was performed using SPM8 software. During the pre-processing, the data were motion corrected (realigned), corrected for slice timing, smoothed the Gauss filter with FWHM of 6 x 6 x 6 mm and finally normalized into the MNI_152 space. The subject-level statistic was created using a general linear model with the canonical hemodynamic response function (HRF) applied to the stimulation
The present study demonstrates alterations of the contralateral side optic tract to an optic nerve traumatic lesion. Visual acuity of the right eye following Traumatic optic neuropathy (TON) remained at 0 following the injury. Electrophysiological examination using pattern electroretinogram revealed values reduced by 50% in the right eye compared with the left eye. Pattern visual-evoked potential evaluation indicated a bilateral lesion with a higher decrease following right eye stimulation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed right optic nerve atrophy. Functional magnetic resonance imaging indicated decreased activity of the visual centre during left eye stimulation. The present study revealed contralateral visual tract alterations following unilateral injury, and hypothesize that the ganglion cells of the retina respond initially to glial activation. These changes are, in our view, followed by changes in the visual pathway.
Main goal of this study is to describe and design manufacturing system which is using Additive manufacturing technology for production of semi-finished products and conventional machining technology for finishing operations, then demonstrate requirements of such production on simulation model on production planning and then analyze and summarize the outputs of the production model. The model is made with aid of modern Digital Factory tools. The main purpose of the model is to provide a complex tool for this study in order to analyze and optimize the fictive production system in needed range and complexity. The topic of Rapid Prototyping and Additive manufacturing technologies is very recent topic in industry. But still, there are only few examples of production systems, which are really using Rapid Prototyping technologies as a part of the production or production line. The advantage of these technologies is their versatility, but on the other hand, as a part of production system, they can have different demands on for example production planning, area consumption or maintenance, that can affect whole production system.
Since 1993, when Chatuverdi et al. [6] examined glaucomatous damage of LGN in both magnocellular and parvocellular layers in patients with or without glaucoma, there are plenty of studies about LGN damage to be found in literature. Counting ganglion cells of LGN postmortem, greater loss was found in magnocellular cells. No difference showed in parvocellular layers. Weber et al. [7] arrived
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