Compound 25a column 3 should be 4-CH 3 instead of 3-CH 3 .Compound 25c column 3 should be 3-CH 3 instead of 4-CH 3 .Compound 25e column 3 should be (+)-4-CH 3 instead of (+)-7-CH 3 .Compound 25f column 3 should be (−)-4-CH 3 instead of (−)-7-CH 3 .
TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractAs oilfield developments become more technically and economically challenging, Flow Assurance has become crucial to the feasibility of projects. Consequently, Flow Assurance issues, such as hydrates or wax deposition must now be considered early in concept selection. Modern numerical methods, coupled with the latest software engineering techniques, now allow the rigorous calculation of multiphase thermal-hydraulic behaviour in an integrated asset model (IAM) on timescales acceptable for concept selection. The paper describes the application of a new IAM tool to analyse options for the development of fields in the Western part of BP's Angolan deepwater Block 18. Novel aspects include the embedding of field scheduling rules such that the drilling schedules were predicted automatically from the model. In addition, different field architectures were considered, including tubing and pipeline sizes, looping of pipelines and subsea multiphase boosting, and the impact on production rates and drilling schedules was quantified. Furthermore, the option to tie back to the planned Greater Plutonio FPSO was also modelled with the forecast ullage profile being imposed on production from the new fields. All calculations were performed using rigorous multiphase thermal-hydraulic models allowing Flow Assurance constraints to be analysed simultaneously.
In order to properly assess the economics of Cold Flow, one should properly assess its effect on the resistances to flow from the reservoir and hence expected future revenue (i.e. production profile) from the project. Traditionally, Integrated Production Models (IPM) are used to calculate production profiles subject to resistances to flow between the reservoir and the sales point. However, traditional IPM tools have relatively simplistic physical model of the flowing system. Many must make "black oil" assumptions and ignore thermal effects in order to run in a reasonable timeframe. Of the few that can carry out thermal hydraulic compositional network simulations, most were generally only designed to trace three phases (gas, oil and water) and hence cannot be used to assess the economics of cold flow technologies. This paper describes how various cold flow and conventional technologies were investigated using a unique combination of an IPM tool, a topsides process simulator and a PVT tool that can all trace several thermodynamic phases. The formation and dissociation of the gas, liquids and hydrate phases were predicted and tracked throughout the system, subject to the local pressures, enthalpies and compositions. In doing so, the effect of the presence of hydrates on the field life thermal hydraulics, including the production profile could be modelled. Some counter intuitive results were found in the comparison to conventional technologies; hydrate slurries are not all bad news for the back pressure on the wells. However, not only was the production profile forecasted, but also numerous practical issues associated with cold flow could be investigated.
Among the hidden and critical challenges in the process modelling of upstream projects are the limitations of compositional capabilities in Integrated Production Modelling (IPM) simulations comprising of complex processing facilities and the inadequacy of steady state and transient state simulations to represent the facilities operability across design life. These challenges become more crucial as future developments are moving to deeper waters and dirtier hydrocarbons. By implementing Unified Thermodynamics with a single fluid model, MultiflashTM Cubic Plus Association (MF-CPA), all the fluid phases as well as the solid phases such as gas hydrates, waxes, asphaltenes and mercury partitioning can be modelled simultaneously within the IPM itself. The Life of Field (LOF) method enables the understanding of how the different parts of the system in the IPM interact when concepts are changed. The combination of both Unified Thermodynamics and LOF enables front end and operational studies to be performed accurately and efficiently. The case study shows the impact of two different processing facilities' arrival pressures on the production profile, project scheduling, material selection, gas hydrate formation risk and inhibition requirements, gas compression and turbine performance and sizing, mercury partitioning and CO2 production. By anticipating these changes more accurately, underpinned by MF-CPA, overly conservative equipment sizing can be avoided to reduce project CAPEX and improve asset efficiency across field life. This paper demonstrates the integrated application of process simulation and flow assurance tools from wellbore to customer to optimise project workflows and decision making for optimised investment.
TX 75083-3836, U.S.A., fax 01-972-952-9435. AbstractAs oilfield developments become more technically and economically challenging, Flow Assurance has become crucial to the feasibility of projects. Consequently, Flow Assurance issues, such as hydrates or wax deposition must now be considered early in concept selection. Modern numerical methods, coupled with the latest software engineering techniques, now allow the rigorous calculation of multiphase thermal-hydraulic behaviour in an integrated asset model (IAM) on timescales acceptable for concept selection. The paper describes the application of a new IAM tool to analyse options for the development of fields in the Western part of BP's Angolan deepwater Block 18. Novel aspects include the embedding of field scheduling rules such that the drilling schedules were predicted automatically from the model. In addition, different field architectures were considered, including tubing and pipeline sizes, looping of pipelines and subsea multiphase boosting, and the impact on production rates and drilling schedules was quantified. Furthermore, the option to tie back to the planned Greater Plutonio FPSO was also modelled with the forecast ullage profile being imposed on production from the new fields. All calculations were performed using rigorous multiphase thermal-hydraulic models allowing Flow Assurance constraints to be analysed simultaneously.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.