Purpose The emergence of new media has changed the way how airlines interact with the public. This study analyzes how airlines use one of the most popular new media platforms, Facebook, to manage public relations, communicate with customers and diversify their sales channels. This topic has not been covered by scientific literature so far. Methods This paper uses content analysis to identify types of content provided by airlines on their official Facebook pages and extent of services offered (customer service, flight booking applications etc.). It focuses on Facebook pages of 250 largest airlines by number of passengers. Results The study shows that airline Facebook pages contain limited information and are not substitutes for airline websites. Three fourths of airlines enable users to post content. By replying to users' posts, 68 % of airlines use FB as a customer service platform. The major determinants of whether an airline operates a FB page are airline size and its business model. Conclusions Social networks play an increasingly important role in marketing and customer service of airlines. We expect the usage of social media by airlines to further increase in the future as a direct result of increasing importance of "generation Z" on the market.
ÚvodGravitačné modely obchodu sa často nazývajú aj "ťažným koňom" medzinárodnej ekonómie (Gómez-Herrera, 2013). Právom. Sú jednoduché, logické a ako ukázal Deardorff (1998), dajú sa použiť na testovanie takmer akejkoľvek teórie medziná-rodného obchodu.1 Od ich vzniku v 60. rokoch 20. storočia sa každoročne publikujú stovky viac či menej podstatných článkov skúmajúce gravitačné modely z teoretického hľadiska alebo ich aplikujúce v praxi. Šírka literatúry o tematike a množstvo vykonaných testov dnes umožňujú formulovať niektoré všeobecne prijímané závery o vplyve hospodárskej úrovne, vzdialenosti, hraníc, koloniálnej minulosti, jazyka a ďalších faktorov na obchod. Aj keď výsledky jednotlivých testov sú si podobné, ani za vyše 50 rokov sa ekonómovia nedokázali zhodnúť na tom, ktorý prístup ku gravitačnému modelovaniu je metodologicky správny.V predkladanom článku predstavujeme gravitačné modely obchodu Slovenskej a Českej republiky za obdobie rokov 1995-2012, ktoré doposiaľ v literatúre v takejto forme chýbali. Pri ich tvorbe používame Heckmanovu korekciu a metódu Tobit. Prezentované gravitačné modely poskytujú odpovede na niekoľko otázok o determinantoch zahraničného obchodu SR a ČR v uvedenom období: Je členstvo v Európskej únii významným faktorom priamo ovplyvňujúcim bilaterálne obchodné toky krajín? Ako sa v čase mení význam hospodárskej úrovne, vzdialenosti a spoločnej hranice? Aký vplyv na zahraničný obchod SR a ČR má podobnosť výšky príjmu na obyvateľa s obchodným partnerom? Poznanie odpovedí na tieto otázky má implikácie tak pre ekonomickú teóriu, ako aj pre praktickú hospodársku politiku. Naším prínosom je nielen vytvorenie komplexného gravitačného modelu obchodu SR a ČR a teoretické skúmanie jeho charakteristík, ale tiež stručná interpretácia významu dosiahnutých záverov pre prax. Výskum potvrdí význam členstva v EÚ pre medzinárodný obchod 1 Sám Deardorff však poukázal na to, že táto variabilita použitia zároveň znižuje kredibilitu gravitačného modelu. * Článok bol spracovaný v rámci projektu KEGA 017EU-4/2015 "Tvorba modernej učebnice svetovej ekonomiky s dôrazom na aplikáciu vedomostí v praxi a riešenie problémov", riešenom na Fakulte medzinárodných vzťahov Ekonomickej univerzity v Bratislave.
When the COVID-19 pandemic arrived in the Central European region in March 2020, one of the hardest-hit economic sectors was the tourism industry which virtually came to a complete standstill. The present paper uses licensed tourist guides from Slovakia as a case study of how significant the financial impact of the crisis was and what effect it might have on the future competitiveness of the industry, as perceived by the tourist guides themselves. The research is based on a questionnaire which was distributed among licensed tourist guides in Slovakia in July 2020. It is shown that the guiding income of more than four-fifths of the respondents decreased by at least 80% between March and June 2020, and the profession's outlook for the future is pessimistic. The main concerns are a decline in the number of visitors, a decline in demand for guided tours and lower market prices for guiding services. The lower share of group travel, faster development of proximity tourism, partial de-professionalisation of the tourist guide profession and higher emphasis on tour hygiene are the expected impacts of the pandemic. A wave of consolidation is almost guaranteed to influence the tourism industry, though its extent is hard to predict. Implications for Central European audience: The article deals with tourism, which represents an important part of Central European countries' economies. Its results constitute the first preview of impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the sector in the region and as such are valuable for stakeholders in the Central European tourism industry. Even though the research is based on data obtained only from one tourism-related profession, tourist guides, given their unique position between travel agencies and travellers, their insights are applicable and interpretable much more broadly.
The purpose of this research is, having examined the expression of mobbing as a psychosocial factor in organisations accessing or implementing corporate social responsibility (CSR), to form integrated actions for the decrease and/or elimination of the phenomenon. Companies with CSR, while addressing issues of well-being of employees as an interested party, ethics and human rights, must face up to their responsibilities to prevent the employees from facing psychosocial stressors caused by mobbing and bullying, while both collaborating with organised employees' structures and accepting employees' reports on destructive relationships in working environment and taking them into consideration. Having created the instrument, an empirical research was completed conducting a survey among 1,512 respondents from 34 organisations in Lithuania that declared or did not declare CSR. It was discovered that CSR has a significant influence on the employees' approach to organisation's products, promotes greater confidence and loyalty and leads to greater personal initiative while completing tasks. However, comparing the organisations which declared and did not declare CSR, approval of the statements about psychosocial well-being is more significant in the latter ones, while in the organisations which declared CSR, orientation towards external interested subjects was revealed, and the systematic work organisation advantages possessed are not used for ensuring functional relationships between employees and employee safety against psychosocial stressors.
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