Objective: To assess the feasibility of balloon catheter occlusion of the internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA), and maxillary artery (MA) in standing horses. Study design: Experimental and clinical cases series. Animals: Eight healthy horses (phase 1) and 11 clinical cases (phase 2). Methods: Occlusions were performed on standing horses under sedation and local anesthesia. In phase 1, four horses underwent bilateral ICA balloon catheter occlusion, and four horses underwent balloon catheter occlusion of the ECA and MA. In phase 2, horses were treated by occlusion of ICA (n = 7), ECA (n = 2), or ECA and ICA (n = 2). Results: Internal carotid artery occlusion was successful in seven of eight and seven of nine arteries in phases 1 and 2, respectively. The procedures lasted 53 and 50 minutes, respectively, and catheters were inserted over 13 ± 0.7 cm (mean ± SD). External carotid artery occlusion was successful in seven of seven and four of four arteries in phases 1 and 2, respectively, with mean durations of 31 and 26 minutes, respectively, and a mean distance of catheter insertion of 11.9 cm. Maxillary artery occlusion was successful in five of seven arteries (phase 1), with a mean surgical duration of 47 minutes and a mean distance of catheter insertion of 42.8 cm. Conclusion: Balloon catheter occlusion of the ICA, ECA, and MA was achieved in most standing horses. Clinical significance: Balloon catheter occlusion in standing horses provides an alternative to prevent or treat hemorrhage related to guttural pouch mycosis, particularly in horses in which general anesthesia might pose a risk. 1 | INTRODUCTION Guttural pouch mycosis is a rare disease of the horse without apparent age, sex, and breed predisposition. 1,2 Hemorrhage related to guttural pouch mycosis is a life-threatening pathology commonly treated surgically by arterial occlusion, which is performed with ligation, embolization, or both. Various materials have been described for vascular embolization, such as balloon tipped catheter, 1,3,4 detachable selfsealing latex balloon, 5 transarterial coil, 6 or nitinol plug. 7 Unlike coil insertion, 8,9 balloon catheter occlusion
Objective To report the feasibility of standing MRI (sMRI) and document the value of sMRI in surgical planning for surgical repair of limb fractures in the horse. Study design Retrospective case series. Animals Thirty‐one horses with preoperative sMRI. Methods Medical records were reviewed for fracture type, application of a polyester cast, sMRI sequences performed, technical variables, and image quality. Fracture geometry and concomitant lesions were compared between sMRI and radiography. The relative value of sMRI with regard to surgical planning was classified as minor (sMRI did not provide additional findings), intermediate (additional lesions found or slight modification to surgical plan), or major (sMRI led to significant alternations in surgical plan). Results Standing MRI provided good studies in all horses. Standing MRI was classified as having major relevance in 12 of 31 horses, intermediate relevance in 14 of 31 horses, and minor relevance in 5 of 31 horses. Conclusion Preoperative sMRI produced good studies in all horses and influenced the surgical planning in the majority of fractures in this study. Application of a polyester cast seemed to improve comfort without appreciable loss of image quality. Clinical significance Standing MRI can be considered as an adjunct to plan the repair of equine fractures, and a polyester cast does not impair image quality.
Objective To describe reliable minimally invasive procedures for (1) removing cartilage by joint distraction and articular drilling for equine metacarpophalangeal (MCP)/metatarsophalangeal (MTP) arthrodesis; (2) applying a palmar/plantar tension band without MCP/MTP joint luxation. Study design Experimental study. Sample population Cadaveric equine limbs (n = 12). Methods All limbs were used to evaluate the drilling technique. First the MCP/MTP joint was distracted with a 5.5‐mm cortical screw. Then, through four stab incisions, articular cartilage was removed with a 4.5‐mm drill. Six randomly chosen limbs were then tested for minimally invasive tension band application with a specially designed cannula. Accurate positioning of the tension band was assessed radiographically. All MCP/MTP joints were disarticulated, and the areas of removed cartilage were visually assessed and measured by using planimetry. Results The mean percentage of removed cartilage was 66.8% ± 7.6% for the metacarpus/metatarsus surface, 67.9% ± 8.6% for the proximal phalanx surface, and 59.5% ± 1% for the two sesamoid bones. The tension band could be accurately placed through four stab incisions with the cannula. Conclusion This minimally invasive technique for cartilage removal was efficient and should be favorable for joint fusion in some clinical situations. The minimally invasive tension band application through stab incisions was feasible and repeatable. Clinical significance These procedures should allow total minimally invasive MCP/MTP arthrodesis and be used in selected clinical cases.
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