This article examines the legal methodology that courts have to employ when they construe domestic law in accordance with European Union directives. It demonstrates that the CJEU has set up autonomous "European methodological rules". These rules apply together with national legal methods. The relationship between both regimes can be described with the concepts of overlapping, intervention and Europeanisation from the inside. The article thus holds that the doctrine of consistent interpretation possesses a hybrid methodology. The reanalysis of the CJEU's case law offers answers to some unresolved questions. The article shows how consistent interpretation affects national principles of interpretation. It demonstrates the extent to which domestic judges are required to depart from traditional methods of construction and to what extent European methodological rules broaden the limits of the judicial function as accepted under national law. The contra legem limit is defined and some of its misinterpretations in legal scholarship are highlighted. 1.
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This article evaluates the impact of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 on statutory interpretation and on the role of the courts in the United Kingdom. The Act’s new interpretative obligations create a myriad of issues that will occupy litigants and courts in the future. I explain how the complexities of the Act should be disentangled and how courts should exercise their policy choices under the terms of the Act. I show that the assumption that Brexit is a clear break from EU law is in several respects contradicted by the detail of the legislative scheme. The European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018 (EUWA)’s strong theme of legal continuity has the consequence that domestic law will remain considerably intertwined and aligned with EU law after exit day. I also demonstrate that the 2018 Act adjusts the relationship between the courts and Parliament in a way that is not foreseen. EU membership has shaped this relationship and Brexit does not mean that it is profoundly restructured. The Act has the potential to strengthen rather than weaken the institutional and constitutional position of the courts. European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018, Brexit, Supreme Court, retained EU law, judicial law-making, statutory interpretation, parliamentary sovereignty.
ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag analysiert die anlegerschützende Wirkung des Gebots der verständlichen Risikoaufklärung im Aufsichts- und Zivilrecht. Dieser Schutz ist für unkundige Kleinanleger im Informationsmodell begrenzt, weil das Aufsichtsrecht ein Mindestmaß an Verständnis beim Privatkunden zwingend unterstellt. Im Beratungsmodell kann im Ausnahmefall hingegen auch ein Verständnistest beim Kunden gefordert sein. Die vom BGH zuletzt im Zinsswap-Urteil aufgestellten hohen Anforderungen an die Verständlichkeit stehen mit aufsichtsrechtlichen Wertentscheidungen im Einklang, gerade auch soweit sie in faktische Vertriebsbeschränkungen münden. Sie lassen sich zudem für den Schutz unkundiger Kleinanleger fruchtbar machen.
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