A theoretical description of the steady-state potential response of ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes is
presented that, so far, is the most general formalism available. The treatment considers membrane systems
with any number of ionophores, differently charged cations, anions, and fixed or stationary ionic sites. The
theory accounts for thermodynamically controlled selectivity characteristics, as well as for various diffusion-induced effects resulting from transmembrane ion fluxes at zero current. The phenomena discussed in detail
include apparent super- and sub-Nernstian responses and detection limits. An extension of the treatment for
time-dependent phenomena is also given. The present approach can be applied for optimizing the selectivity
coefficients and improving the detection limits of ionophore-based ion-selective electrodes.
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