Carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the testis, also referred to as intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified (ITGCNU), is currently accepted as the common precursor for all malignant germ cell tumors of adolescents and adults- that is, the seminomatous and nonseminoma cancers. These preinvasive cells have specific cellular characteristics, which can be used for the early diagnosis-routinely done by morphological analysis, sometimes supported by immunohistochemistry-of tissue obtained by an open surgical biopsy. False-negative biopsy results can occur mostly because of the nonrandom distribution of ITGCNU within the testis, misdiagnosis, or suboptimal tissue treatment and analysis. In this article, we demonstrate the potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of ITGCNU. The results support the use of the highly specific and sensitive immunohistochemical marker OCT3/4 for the diagnosis of ITGCNU and provide evidence for the nonrandom distribution of ITGCNU, which is a significant limitation in the diagnosis of this preinvasive lesion.
Objectives: Cardiac remodeling due to myocardial infarction (MI) includes myocyte hypertrophy, collagen deposition, a rise in DNA synthesis, and normalization of initially diminished maximal coronary bloodflow. Previously, we demonstrated that early captopril treatment can prevent the rise in total DNA synthesis, collagen deposition and hypertrophy. In the present experiments, we investigated the effects of captopril or perindoprilat treatment on cardiac endothelial cell proliferation and maximal coronary flow. Methods: MI was induced by ligation of the left coronary artery in Wistar rats. Sham-operated and infarcted rats were treated with captopril (12 mg / kg.d s.c.) from either day 0-21 (early) or day 21-35 (late) after surgery. In isolated retrogradely perfused rat hearts, maximal coronary flow was determined following maximal dilatation with nitroprusside and adenosine (1 mM each). In separate groups, sections of hearts of sham-operated and MI rats treated with BrdU (day 7-14) and either captopril or perindoprilat (1 mg / kg.d s.c.; day 0-14) were double stained with a monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody and the lectin GSI. The total fraction of DNA synthesizing cells and its proportion of endothelial cells was determined. Results: Maximal coronary flow was completely normalized in MI hearts within three weeks after surgery. Early captopril, but not late captopril, inhibited the normalization of maximal coronary flow in MI hearts (Early: sham, 27.461.0; MI, 21.261.4 ml / min; P,0.05; mean6SEM) without affecting the hypertrophic response. The total fraction of DNA synthesizing cells was significantly increased in MI hearts (sham: 7.661.9; MI: 14.962.2%). The proportion of endothelial cells, however, was comparable in sham-operated and infarcted hearts (sham: 3063; MI: 3363%). Both early captopril and perindoprilat treatment inhibited total DNA synthesis in MI hearts. Only in captopril pre-treated hearts, this inhibition was associated with a disproportionate inhibition of the endothelial cell proliferation (10.362.0%). Conclusion: Early captopril treatment inhibits endothelial cell proliferation and coronary vessel growth following MI, which seems to be partly due to inhibition of the renin angiotensin system.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.