Two years ago in a paper from this laboratory (1) some observations were presented on the development of nutritional edema in the dog. The observations were based on experiments with seven animals which developed hypoproteinemia and edema after subsisting for variable times on a diet low in protein. Since the time of that publication the experimentally induced edema has been utilized as a means of studying particular aspects of the edema problem (2) and a considerable array of additional data has been accumulated. In the light of this further experience it appears desirable to describe in more detail the events which have been observed. The present communication will deal with the behavior of the serum and tissue proteins during the experiments. MethodsAnimals.--25 dogs of mongrel breeds used in these exi~riments varied in weight from 13 to 22 kilos and averaged 17 kilos. Young adult dogs were selected by preference; their ages, not definitely known, were estimated to be between 1 and 3 years.Diet.--The first eight dogs in the series were maintained either on a synthetic diet or a natural food diet, both of which have been described previously (1). For the remaining seventeen dogs the composition of the natural food diet was modified by removing the butter fat and supplying its nutritional equivalent with lard and cod liver oil. The composition of the modified diet follows: gm, Carrots
Recent studies by Brickner and Crist6anu ~ having shown a marked similarity between Diplococcus intracellularis and gonococcus, as instanced by their agglutinin and precipitin reactions, as well as their effect on inoculated animals, it seemed interesting to follow the same lines of work and carry them further by testing for possible specificity of the immune bodies developed in the sera of animals immunized to these two organisms. Some of the experiments made by Dr. Flexner 3 on the biology of the diplococcus were repeated with the gonococcus in order to detect possible differences. BIOLOGY OF T H E GONOCOCCUS.Like the intracellularis, the gonococcus is a coffee-bean shaped diplococcus occurring more frequently within leucocytes than outside them. Comparison of smears from the pus of a recent case of gonorrheal vaginitis and from the cerebro-spinal fluid of an early case of cerebro-spinal meningitis (both in infants) shows a marked similarity, in that both present many polymorphonuclear leucocytes containing from one to ten or more pairs of Gram-negative diplococci, and some pairs of cocci lying extra-cellular. There is, however, a decided difference in the size of the two varieties of organisms, the intracellularis being much the larger of the two. This relatively larger size is also seen in smears made from the peritoneal exudate in guinea-pigs killed by inoculations of diplococcus and gonococcus respectively. In agar cultures, twenty-four hours old, on the other hand, the gonococcus is larger, possibly because its growth is so much less profuse.
Influenza bacilli isolated from various pathological processes in man differ widely in pathogenic power for animals, especially rabbits. While the cultures derived from the leptomeninges and blood, and rarely from the pneumonic lung are pathogenic, those generally derived from the respiratory tract exhibit little or no virulence for rabbits. The two types of cultures as indicated by virulence for animals do not differ in kind, but only in degree, in relation to the serological tests of agglutination, complement deviation, and opsonification. The two types of cultures do, however, differ with respect to their ability to undergo autolysis. While the virulent cultures autolyze almost completely, yielding a turbid supernatant fluid and little sediment, the non-virulent cultures give rise to an abundant sediment and a clear supernatant fluid. The non-virulent cultures incite far less antibody production in rabbits. Hence, rabbits inoculated with non-virulent strains yield sera possessing low antibody content. Conversely, rabbits inoculated with virulent strains yield sera possessing a higher content of antibody. In keeping with and possibly because of the low antibody content of the sera of rabbits inoculated with the non-pathogenic strains, the rabbits so treated are not, as a rule, protected against subsequent inoculation with virulent strains. Influenza bacilli therefore vary in pathogenic effect both for man and animals, but they are not distinguishable by means of serological reactions into different types. Apparently all influenza bacilli belong to one class or race irrespective of origin or virulence.
a period of almost six years, 1,320 autopsies were performed at the Babies' Hospital of the City of New York. Of these subjects 178 showed tuberculous lesions, or 13.5 per cent, of the total number, a proportion slightly lower than Lubarsch1 found among 747 children up to the age of 5 years.Lubarsch's examinations extended over a period of five and one-half years, and he found 128 cases of tuberculosis, or 17 per cent. A study2 of the earlier Babies' Hospital cases showed 16.4 per cent. tuberculous cases among 1,131 autopsies. The contrast with adult percentages is very striking, whether we accept Lubarsch's figures, 69.2 per cent., or those of Naegeli,3 93.1 per cent. as the average.In age the cases included in our study varied from 2\ m=1/ 2\ months to 5 years, as follows: 2 21 23 50 73 36 25 61 134 28 162 16 178It will be seen that 75 per cent, of our subjects were under 2 years of age, and it is these young children who present the most interesting material for study. There was no instance of congenital tuberculosis in the series. were 2y2 months old.were from 3 to 6 months old. were less than 6 months old. were from 3 to 6 months old.were less than 1 year old. were from 12 to 18 months old. were from 18 to 24 months old.were from 1 to 2 years old. were less than 2 years old. were from 2 to 3 years old. were less than 3 years old. were from 3 to 5 years old.
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