Although conservation biologists base most of their activities on species taxa, they have participated little in the debate of systematists and evolutionary biologists about the recognition and nature of species. It is clear from this debate that there is no agreement on what species are, how they should be delimited, or what they represent. But in conservation science, and particularly in the selection, design and management of protected areas, species are either treated as types or as evolutionary units. A typological view of species may lead to a failure to protect the real diversity of life in the long term, if conservation priorities are set on the basis of species numbers or on circumscriptions of endangered, threatened, or endemic species taxa that result from the use of different species concepts. Considering species as typological entities may also lead workers to disregard geographic variation and to neglect the problem of deciding which level of variability to protect. It may even affect the goal of maintaining the evolutionary potential of organisms, if the focus is placed on the preservation of a sample of the existing types in populations that will persist as little changed as possible. When species are considered as evolutionary units, attention is shifted from the level of species to that of populations and metapopulations. Problems may still arise if these populations are considered in the context of species taxa, particularly if their composition is managed or if indicator species are used. A closer interaction between systematists and conservation biologists is suggested. Although the pressures of time and the difficulties faced by conservation biologists cannot be denied, considering the species problem more critically may result in recognizing the limitations of the taxonomic information used; it may also contribute to the refinement of the concepts and methods involved in their activities, making them more congruent with the nature of biological diversity.
La figura de los convenios de asociación tiene su génesis en el artículo 355 de la Constitución política, reglamentado inicialmente por los decretos 777 y 1403 de 1992 y el decreto 2459 de 1993. Esta normatividad especial es anterior y ajena al estatuto contractual colombiano, en donde se consagró de manera particular y puntual el uso de esta tipología sin definir un procedimiento claro para la celebración de estos convenios, lo que implicó un amplio margen de discrecionalidad, por parte de la administración pública, en la escogencia de la esal, la determinación de los objetos y la práctica reiterada y común de esta figura de carácter exceptivo, lo cual generó el abuso en su aplicación. El Gobierno nacional, como consecuencia del uso inadecuado de los convenios de asociación con entidades privadas sin ánimo de lucro, expidió una nueva reglamentación contenida en el decreto 092 del 23 de enero de 2017, que entró en vigencia el 1.º de junio del mismo año. Con esta se derogan las anteriores reglamentaciones y se introduce la aplicación de los principios de la contratación estatal, así como el diseño de unos procedimientos contractuales con participación plural de las esal en casos específicos. Esto determina unos criterios de escogencia, desarrollados a través de una guía confeccionada por Colombia Compra Eficiente, que, si bien sirven de pauta y sugerencias, adolecen de carácter coercitivo y, por ende, mantienen un margen de discrecionalidad de los entes administrativos que impide una escogencia basada en criterios objetivos, esto es, libre de todo afecto o interés.
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), which was signed at the "Earth Summit" in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992, has now been ratified by over 110 countries. The CBD is comprehensive, addressing biological diversity in terms of genes, species, and ecosystems, whether in their natural state or modified by human intervention. It is also the first environmental treaty to address equity issues, including the recognition of the role of indigenous and local communities in conserving biodiversity. The comprehensiveness of the treaty constitutes one of its main strengths, but its complexity also helps explain the difficulties it has encountered and the strong forces that threaten to weaken its development and implementation. The first meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention (COP) was held in the Bahamas in late 1994. This paper introduces the Convention, highlights the results of the first COP, and discusses some of the major issues in conserving biodiversity, includingforests,funding, intellectual property rights, biosafety, the role of NGOs, and indigenous people. It concludes with several recommendations for further action.
Las falencias en la aplicación de la figura jurídica de los convenios de asociación bajo la normatividad de los decretos 777 y 1403 de 1992, evidenciadas a través del análisis teórico-práctico, mostraron un impacto negativo en la aplicación de los convenios. Ello evidenció la necesidad de una nueva reglamentación que, de manera real y efectiva, armonizara esta tipología con el Estatuto General de la Contratación Pública y la aplicación de los principios que la rigen, en especial los de transparencia y selección objetiva, desconocidos y violentados de manera reiterada con el uso indebido y exagerado de esta figura exceptiva, a fin de obviar mecanismos de selección contemplados en la ley contractual.
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