Palabras clave: río Cauca, cadmio, mercurio, plomo, salud ambiental, estudios poblacionales RESUMEN El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el riesgo en la salud de lactantes de menos de un mes a 24 meses de edad por ingesta de leche materna con contenido de cadmio (Cd), mercurio (Hg) y plomo (Pb). Se cuantificó el riesgo de efectos no carcinogénicos (REN) usando modelación probabilística con el programa Crystal Ball®, siguiendo los lineamientos del modelo de la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de Estados Unidos (USEPA). El promedio de los niveles máximos medidos de Cd (8.87 μg/kg), Hg (20.88 μg/kg) y Pb (37.29 μg/kg) estuvo 5, 21 y 19 veces, respectivamente, por encima de los límites máximos permitidos por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Con relación al riesgo, los valores asociados con el contenido de al menos uno de los metales en leche materna pudieran superar en cada lugar de muestreo y cada subgrupo de lactantes los límites máximos permitidos por la USEPA (REN ≥ 1). Se presentó la primera evidencia de contaminación por metales pesados en leche materna de mujeres que viven en la ribera del río Cauca. En casos aislados, los lactantes expuestos por ingesta de esta leche, exceden el consumo tolerable de dichos contaminantes. Tomando en cuenta el peor escenario, los niños de la zona presentan riesgo no cancerígeno superior al máximo permitido. Se confirma la necesidad de acciones de mitigación para reducir potenciales riesgos a la salud de los lactantes. Esto no debe conducir a la sustitución de la lactancia como medida adecuada, sino a establecer políticas integrales que disminuyan las inequidades ambientales y de salud.
In this work, chemometric and spatial interpolation methods were used to characterize non-conventional pollutants in the atmosphere of the city of Santiago de Cali (Colombia), The contaminants were monitored using passive diffusion samplers during two (2) periods (January to February and March to April) in two consecutive years before the pandemic (2020). None of the cases exceeded the concentration limits established by the National Air Quality Standard. The Cluster analysis allowed evidencing the existence of groups, which correspond to low, medium and high influence sites of the pollutants. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) led to gathered all the variables in two constituents: the first one (PC1) could be related as an indicator of pollutant mobile sources due to the similar contribution of pollutants, while the second one (PC2) as an indicator for punctual emissions of toluene, as it was the one that contributed the most. The performance of the spatial analysis drove to identify the downtown and north of the city as areas of high-influence of PC1, at the same time, a substantial decrease in its effects to the periphery, particularly towards the south. On the other hand, with the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) it was possible to observe the hot-spots of both PCs, particularly real estate construction areas and the downtown industrial sector of the city. Finally, it was found a cancer risk in downtown and north-eastern areas of the city, related to the exposure to benzene and ethylbenzene; observation that coincide in the area of incidence of PC1.
In this study, the ability of Poly (ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to uptake persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (13 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 19 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) was evaluated in passive environmental monitoring samplers. The compounds adsorbed on the polymers surface, were extracted with n-hexane and methanol. Afterward, they were quantified by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS2). In the process of uptaking, a fast accumulation kinetics for both polymeric materials were observed. Generally, the compounds with lower molecular weight (186-291.9 g/mol) and lower KOA (6.17-6.82) reached the equilibrium region in less than 1 day, while the compounds with high molecular weight (318-464 g/mol), the equilibrium region was reached after 10 days. Finally, the GFF-EVA was used in a pilot sampling test in the city of Santiago de Cali (Colombia) in four sampling campaigns that were carried out between March and May 2019 in an exposure time of 15 days. Ten (10) PCBs and thirteen (13) OCPs were detected. The highest concentrations of these POPs were detected at the following stations: Transitoria, ERA-Obrero, La Flora and Base Aérea. The evaluated polymers proved to be suitable and promising materials for monitoring POPs due to their low cost, easy implementation, and deployment.
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