ABSTRACT. Background. Based on the general bonding hypothesis, it is suggested that kangaroo mother care (KMC) creates a climate in the family whereby parents become prone to sensitive caregiving. The general hypothesis is that skin-to-skin contact in the KMC group will build up a positive perception in the mothers and a state of readiness to detect and respond to infant's cues.Method. The randomized controlled trial was conducted on a set of 488 infants weighing <2001 g, with 246 in the KMC group and 242 in the traditional care (TC) group. The design allows precise observation of the timing and duration of mother-infant contact, and takes into account the infant's health status at birth and the socioeconomic status of the parents.Bonding Assessment. Two series of outcomes are assessed as manifestations of a mother's attachment behavior. The first is the mother's feelings and perceptions of her premature birth experience, including her sense of competence, feelings of worry and stress, and perception of social support. The second outcome is derived from observations of the mother and child's responsivity to each other during breastfeeding at 41 weeks of gestational age.Interventions. KMC has three components. The first is the kangaroo position. Once the premature infant has adapted to extrauterine life and is able to breastfeed, he is positioned on the mother's chest, in a upright position, with direct skin-to-skin contact. The second component is kangaroo nutrition. Although breastfeeding is the prime source of nutrition, infants also may receive preterm formula whenever necessary and vitamin supplements. The third component is the clinical control; infants are monitored on a regular basis, daily until they are gaining at least 20 g per day. Afterward, weekly clinic visits are scheduled until term, which constitutes the ambulatory minimal neonatal care.In the TC group, infants are kept in incubators until they are able to self-regulate their temperature and are thriving (ie, have an appropriate weight gain). Infants are discharged according to current hospital practice, usually not before their weight is ϳ1700 g. Afterward, as with the KMC group, weekly clinic visits are scheduled until term.Results. We observed a change in the mothers' perception of her child, attributable to the skin-to-skin contact in the kangaroo-carrying position. This effect is related to a subjective "bonding effect" that may be understood readily by the empowering nature of the KMC intervention. Moreover, in stressful situations when the infant has to remain in the hospital longer, mothers practicing KMC feel more competent than do mothers in the TC group. This is what we call a resilience effect. In these stressful situations we also found a negative effect on the feelings of received support of mothers practicing KMC. We interpret this as an isolation effect. To thwart this deleterious effect, we would suggest adding social support as an integral component of KMC.The observations of the mothers' sensitive behavior did not show a defin...

Past and current research has clarified some of the rational bases of KMC and has provided evidence for its effectiveness and safety, although more research is needed to clearly define the effectiveness of the various components of the intervention in different settings and for different therapeutic goals.

The components of the Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) intervention, their rational bases, and their current uses in low‐, middle‐, and high‐income countries are described. KMC was started in 1978 in Bogotá (Colombia) in response to overcrowding and insufficient resources in neonatal intensive care units associated with high morbidity and mortality among low‐birthweight infants. The intervention consists of continuous skin‐to‐skin contact between the mother and the infant, exclusive breastfeeding, and early home discharge in the kangaroo position. In studies of the physiological effects of KMC, the results for most variables were within clinically acceptable ranges or the same as those for premature infants under other forms of care. Body temperature and weight gain are significantly increased, and a meta‐analysis showed that the kangaroo position increases the uptake and duration of breastfeeding. Investigations of the behavioral effects of KMC show rapid quiescence. The psychosocial effects of KMC include reduced stress, enhancement of mother–infant bonding, and positive effects on the family environment and the infant's cognitive development. Conclusion: Past and current research has clarified some of the rational bases of KMC and has provided evidence for its effectiveness and safety, although more research is needed to clearly define the effectiveness of the various components of the intervention in different settings and for different therapeutic goals.

No abstract

Kangaroo Mother Care has a positive impact on home environment. The results also suggest, first, that both parents should be involved as direct caregivers in the Kangaroo Mother Care procedure and secondly, that this intervention should be directed more specifically at infants who are more at risk at birth. The Kangaroo Mother Care intervention could be an excellent means to ensure parents' mature involvement in the future of their children.

No abstract

Trends in positive psychology suggest optimism is an important trait related to happiness and well-being and that through the teaching of optimism, well-being can be enhanced (Sin & Lyubomirsky, 2009). The purpose of this study was to identify areas of optimism within the context of the American Dream among Hispanic/Latino/as and to understand factors that create barriers to having an optimistic outlook on achieving the American Dream. Data for this study came from research designed to identify sources of acculturation related stress among Hispanic/Latino/as. A sample ( n = 93) of Hispanic/Latino/a adults were recruited for focus groups in California and Massachusetts. Results indicate that participants were optimistic in achieving their dreams, which included financial achievements, ownership, educational opportunities, and more. Some participants acknowledged that these expectations were unrealistic and were challenged by discrimination, limited skills, and lack of legal documentation status. Studies of psychological interventions that foster optimism among Hispanic/Latino/as are needed.

El propósito de esta investigación fue estudiar los efectos de la intervención del Cuidado Madre Canguro (CMC) en la sensibilidad materna en una muestra de madres adolescentes con alto riesgo psicosocial. Se compararon dos grupos de díadas: madres adolescentes con bebés prematuros en cuidado madre canguro y madres adolescentes con bebés a término en cuidado regular. Se realizaron observaciones en el medio familiar para evaluar la calidad del cuidado materno. Los análisis indican que no existen diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos de madres adolescentes respecto a la calidad de cuidado materno. Este hallazgo permite suponer un efecto protector por parte del CMC en las díadas madres adolescente-bebé prematuros, ya que esta condición del bebé es un factor de riesgo adicional a las condiciones del grupo a término en cuidado regular. Estos resultados preliminares plantean la necesidad de continuar explorando los efectos de la intervención canguro en la sensibilidad materna especialmente en poblaciones vulnerables.