Palabras clave: productos farmacéuticos, aguas de riego, metales pesados, reúso agrícola RESUMEN En México, el 54 % de las aguas residuales no reciben tratamiento y son desalojadas hacia los cuerpos de agua, suelos y canales de riego lo que genera un fuerte problema de contaminación y un alto riesgo para la salud humana y la biota acuática. En las úl-timas décadas se han detectado los denominados contaminantes emergentes en aguas superficiales con presencia de aguas residuales crudas y tratadas. Estos compuestos y sus metabolitos reactivos causan severos efectos toxicológicos en los organismos acuáticos o microorganismos del suelo aún en bajas concentraciones. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar las propiedades físicas y químicas: pH, conductividad eléctrica (CE), sólidos disueltos totales (SDT), Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , boro (B), fósforo total (P), metales traza (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) e identificar y cuantificar los contaminantes emergentes (farmacéuticos y drogas de abuso) en los influentes y efluentes de la Planta de Tratamiento de Aguas Residuales (PTAR) de Morelia, utilizando metodologías estandarizadas, espectrofotometría de infrarrojo (FT-IR) y espectrometría de masas (ESI-MS-TOF). Los valores de pH, CE, SDT, relación de adsorción de sodio (RAS), B, P y metales traza se encontraron dentro de los límites marcados por la norma mexicana NOM-001-ECOL-1996 y directrices internacionales para reúso de aguas residuales en agricultura. Los contaminantes emergentes identificados por ESI-MS-TOF fueron tetraciclina, cefaclor, cefadroxilo, ampicilina, clonazepam, lormetazepam, secobarbital, maprotilina, levotiroxina, cis-androsterona, paracetamol, lidocaína, bromfeniramina, fexofenadina, amfetamina, morfina, benzoilecgonina, 11-nor-Δ9-THC-9-COOH, dimetilamfetamina, fenciclidina, metadona y polietilenglicol. La eficiencia de remoción de estos contaminantes en los efluentes fue de 25.8 %, con extremos de 0 y 74.5 % para el polietilenglicol y metadona, respectivamente.
Landscape units are conceived as a part of the territory that share similar physical and geographic characteristics. Their delineation can contribute to identify the physical and social dynamics that emerge in the spatial environment and to propose strategies of planning and management of the territory. The main objective was to make a historical delineation of landscape units in the Duero river basin that demonstrate the dynamics of changes in the territory, the description of the actors involved, and the affectations in the natural and social environment. We analyzed the vegetation change and urban growth from 1983 to 2014, incorporating climatic, edaphic, and topographic variables. A Principal Component Analysis was performed with the information and results were used in Maximum Likelihood procedure to define different clusters based on environmental characteristics. We defined five categories from the Landsat images. Results showed landscape units with homogeneous environmental characteristics and some differences in the units' delineation were mainly influenced by political and socioeconomic factors. Temporally there was an increased tendency of landscape units, three in 1983, nine in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2011, and eight in 2014. This increase resulted from territory fragmentation because of berries and avocado cultivars expansion over wooded area.
Pyrolysis treatment of sewage sludge to generate biochar is one of the current alternatives for environmental management of this waste. The treatment transforms sewage sludge into biochar, conserves some of the characteristics that give it an important agronomic value and reduces its pathogen content. The objective of this study was to analyze the potential use of the sewage sludge biochar obtained from the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) of Morelia, Michoacán, México, as an agricultural soil improver considering the physical-chemical properties of the material and its content of nutrients and heavy metals as indicators. The sewage sludge was subjected to pyrolysis (SSB) in an experimental scale reactor that uses solar energy, with six residence times and temperature of 280 to 355 oC. The parameters analyzed were: pH EC, OM, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe available (DTPA and EDTA), elemental composition (C, N, O, Ca, Mg, Na, K, P, S, Cl, Si, Al, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ti, Ni, Cr, Cd and Pb). The EC of the SSB obtained was from 592 to 5240 μS cm‑1, pH = 6.33 to 7.02, OM = 3.8 to 5.6%, high contents of C, N, P (31 to 38%, 6.5 to 7.7% and 37.7 to 48.8 g kg‑1, respectively), low Na/Ca ratio and a low content of total and available heavy metals. The properties of the SSB obtained indicate that it can be used as an agricultural soil improver since it is a material with high nutrient content and low environmental risk in terms of its low heavy metal content. These results should be complemented with studies on the response of plants to BLR, monitoring of physical-chemical conditions and analysis of organic contaminants in soil and water where this material is applied.
The removal of boron from drinking water is a concern in various parts of the world due to the toxic effects of this metalloid in high concentrations. In this paper, zeolites LTL and FAU X were synthesized and modified with salts of nickel (NiCl2), iron (FeCl3), and aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APS) in order to promote their affinity for boron species present in aqueous systems. The adsorption capacity of modified zeolites for boron was evaluated in a synthetic boron solution and with groundwater samples for human use. The effect of the pH and zeolite dose was studied in adsorption tests using groundwater. The modified zeolites were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen physisorption, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Results indicated that the modification of zeolites favors affinity for boron species. The highest adsorption capacity of boron on zeolites was achieved in the synthetic solution. The adsorption capacity of the modified zeolites depended on the pH, the electrical conductivity, the modifying agent, the zeolitic structure, and the dose of adsorbent. The zeolitic structure-modifying agent interaction was decisive for boron adsorption capacity, with LTL-Ni zeolite being the best-performing adsorbent, thanks to its textural properties and nickel’s ability to form complexes with boron species.
El presente trabajo analiza y compara la gestión de tres organismos operadores de agua potable a poblaciones urbanas. El propósito es identificar cuál organismo operador realiza la mejor gestión y discutir cuáles de los indicadores utilizados podrían favorecer este resultado. Se estudian los casos de Sahuayo, Jiquilpan y Venustiano Carranza, Michoacán, a partir de indicadores de eficiencia y eficacia en la gestión: porcentaje de población abastecida, intermitencia o tandeos, horas de abasto al día, calidad del agua, tamaño del sistema, descentralización, tarifas, morosidad, sobreeempleo y autonomía financiera. Los resultados indican que el organismo operador de Venustiano Carranza tiene los indicadores más favorables: menor intermitencia y mayor número de horas/día del servicio, mejor calidad del agua (percepción), menor morosidad y mayor relación ingresos/egresos; una situación contraria se encontró para los sistemas de Sahuayo y Jiquilpan. El menor tamaño del organismo operador de agua municipal (OOAPAS) de Venustiano Carranza, mayor descentralización hacia las comunidades rurales (manejo autogestivo de los sistemas) y los menores costos por pozo podrían estar favoreciendo su autonomía financiera. A pesar de las diferencias en su eficiencia y eficacia, los tres organismos operadores han alcanzado una cobertura de agua potable mayor a la media nacional y cuentan con mecanismos compensatorios en el pago de tarifas para usuarios con escasos recursos. Un aspecto negativo de los tres OOAPAS es que no cuentan con mecanismos para garantizar la participación directa de los usuarios en la gestión.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.