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Only low molecular, simple phenolic acids and their dimers can be easily absorbed by intestinal cells. In this study, the changes in free (unbound) phenolic acids and antioxidative capacity were tracked from flour, through bread to final in vitro bread hydrolysate. The initial material of the study included wholemeal flours made of common wheat, spelt wheat and rye, fermented with baker's yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae or by the use of baking starter made of lactic acid bacteria Lactobacillus casei and L. brevis cultures with S. chevalieri yeast. A significant overall increase in free phenolic acids in breads and their hydrolysates was found, with the highest increase found for rye samples. The impact of the fermentation type was not consistent, showing additional crucial factors of used flours, which can affect final results. The free phenolic acid content in all the samples was correlated with the antioxidant capacity.

The consumers interest in organic food and farmers’ search for cultivars with increased usefulness for organic farming have contributed to the revival of ancient cereal species and their launch onto the food market. In view of the above, the aim of this study was to determine the physicochemical properties, antioxidant potential and baking quality of grain and flour of primitive rye ( Secale cereale var. Multicaule Polish: Krzyca), and to compare these parameters with open-pollinated and hybrid cultivars of common rye. The following determinations were made: the morphological and mechanical properties of grain, milling energy and the protein, starch, ash and free phenolic content of the analyzed flours, their amylograph characteristics and antioxidant potential. It was found that primitive rye has shorter kernels, lower thousand-kernel weight and a higher contribution of redness in color compared with common rye. In primitive rye grain rupture force was determined at 68.9 N and rupture energy at 35.6 mJ. Flours made from primitive rye grain have a higher content of ash and free phenolic compounds, lower starch content and similar antioxidant potential relative to common rye flours. The results of the amylograph test revealed that primitive rye flours were characterized by high baking quality. The primitive rye flours can be alternative ingredients for bread making and provide health advantage such as higher content of phenolic compounds. However, further research is needed to analyze variations in the properties of primitive rye grain and flour resulting from changes in environmental and climatic conditions.

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