Environmental and economic costs demand a rapid transition to more sustainable farming systems, which are still heavily dependent on chemicals for crop protection. Despite their widespread application, powdery mildew (PM) and downy mildew (DM) continue to generate serious economic penalties for grape and wine production. To reduce these losses and minimize environmental impacts, it is important to predict infections with high confidence and accuracy, allowing timely and efficient intervention. This review provides an appraisal of the predictive tools for PM and DM in a vineyard, a specialized farming system characterized by high crop protection cost and increasing adoption of precision agriculture techniques. Different methodological approaches, from traditional mechanistic or statistic models to machine and deep learning, are outlined with their main features, potential, and constraints. Our analysis indicated that strategies are being continuously developed to achieve the required goals of ease of monitoring and timely prediction of diseases. We also discuss that scientific and technological advances (e.g., in weather data, omics, digital solutions, sensing devices, data science) still need to be fully harnessed, not only for modelling plant–pathogen interaction but also to develop novel, integrated, and robust predictive systems and related applied technologies. We conclude by identifying key challenges and perspectives for predictive modelling of phytopathogenic disease in vineyards.
Analogues of 9-cis-retinoic acid incorporating an alicyclic ring between the C19 and C10 positions have been synthesized and evaluated as ligands for the RXRalpha nuclear receptor. The stereocontrolled synthesis of these configurationally constrained retinoids combines a Stille cross-coupling and the Wittig reaction as key bond-forming steps. The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction of the beta-bromo-alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes 5 to dienylstannane 6 is very fast at room temperature, and takes place with preservation of the dienylstannane geometry. A highly stereoselective Wittig reaction afforded the C7-C8 bond connecting the hydrophobic ring to the retinoid side chain. The binding affinities of these compounds for the receptor were determined, and the structural and energetic rationale behind the affinity profile of the cyclic 9-cis-retinoic acid derivatives for the RXRalpha nuclear receptor was characterized by using Molecular Mechanics protocols.
Nutrition is one of the factors that most limits forestry plant growth; thus, current production in nurseries is based on conventional fertilization focused on enhancing vigor. However, an excessive intake of mineral nitrogen can cause morphological imbalances and the formation of more succulent tissues which, consequently, increase susceptibility to plant pathogens. Fusarium circinatum is the causal agent of pitch canker in plants of the Pinus genus, with Pinus radiata being the species most susceptible to this disease. This study compares the response of P. radiata seedlings to infection by F. circinatum as influenced by two fertilizers—conventional and aerated compost tea (ACT)—applied during the nursery phase. The potential of ACT against F. circinatum was first tested in vitro, where it was found to inhibit the pathogen’s mycelial growth and conidial germination. In the greenhouse, infected plants fertilized with ACT exhibited less severe internal and external symptoms of pitch canker and lower levels of pathogen colonization of both stems and needles than with conventional fertilizer. An analysis of the hormone content and defense-related gene expression shows greater salicylic acid production and phenylalanine ammonium-lyase and chalcone synthase expression in ACT-fertilized pine. All of the parameters assessed are consistent in showing that biofertilization with ACT reduces the susceptibility of pine seedlings to the disease compared with conventional fertilization.
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