Background In late 2019, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus emerged in China and quickly spread into a worldwide pandemic. Prior to the development of specific drug therapies or a vaccine, more immediately available treatments were sought including convalescent plasma. A potential improvement from convalescent plasma could be the preparation of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 hyperimmune globulin (hIVIG). Study Design and Methods Convalescent plasma was collected from an existing network of plasma donation centers. A caprylate/chromatography purification process was used to manufacture hIVIG. Initial batches of hIVIG were manufactured in a versatile, small‐scale facility designed and built to rapidly address emerging infectious diseases. Results Processing convalescent plasma into hIVIG resulted in a highly purified immunoglobulin G (IgG) product with more concentrated neutralizing antibody activity. hIVIG will allow for the administration of greater antibody activity per unit of volume with decreased potential for several adverse events associated with plasma administration. IgG concentration and IgG specific to SARS‐CoV‐2 were increased over 10‐fold from convalescent plasma to the final product. Normalized enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay activity (per mg/ml IgG) was maintained throughout the process. Protein content in these final product batches was 100% IgG, consisting of 98% monomer and dimer forms. Potentially hazardous proteins (IgM, IgA, and anti‐A, anti‐B, and anti‐D) were reduced to minimal levels. Conclusions Multiple batches of anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 hIVIG that met regulatory requirements were manufactured from human convalescent plasma. The first clinical study in which the hIVIG will be evaluated will be Inpatient Treatment with Anti‐Coronavirus Immunoglobulin (ITAC) [NCT04546581].

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Objective: P450 aromatase activity increases with age in adipose tissue. Increased oestrogen production has also been observed in obese elderly women, and has been related to the pathogenesis of endometrial cancer. Since peripheral oestrogen production requires the presence of androgenic metabolites, and a recent report from our laboratory showed very low expression levels of P450c17 mRNA in most postmenopausal ovaries analysed, we hypothesised on the existence of an alternative source of androgens. Since steroidogenic enzymes, such as 3b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3b-HSD) and 17b-HSD have been described in adipose tissue of primates and humans respectively, we aimed to analyse the possible expression of the P450c17 gene in adipose tissue, and its enzymatic capability. Design: A prospective non-randomised clinical research study. Methods: Subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and random pieces of whole normal ovaries were collected at surgery from nineteen women undergoing bilateral oophorectomy for non-ovarian gynaecological disease. P450c17 mRNA expression levels were measured by RT-PCR/Southern blot analysis, and 17a-hydroxylase enzymatic activity in dispersed cell homogenates was performed by thin-layer chromatography, using 14 C-progesterone as a substrate. Results: The study provides the first description of 17a-hydroxylase activity in adipose tissue and the detection of a new form of the P450c17 cDNA containing a 156 bp in-frame deletion in the first exon. Conclusions: The description of 17a-hydroxylase activity in adipose tissue, together with previously reported enzymatic activities such as 3b-HSD and17b-HSD, might suggest a local production of androgens in this tissue.

BACKGROUNDIn late 2019, the SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged in China and quickly spread into a world-wide pandemic. Prior to the development of specific drug therapies or a vaccine, more immediately available treatments were sought including convalescent plasma. A potential improvement from convalescent plasma could be the preparation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune globulin (hIVIG).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSConvalescent plasma was collected from an existing network of plasma donation centers. A caprylate/chromatography purification process was used to manufacture hIVIG. Initial batches of hIVIG were manufactured in a versatile, small-scale facility designed and built to rapidly address emerging infectious diseases.RESULTSProcessing convalescent plasma into hIVIG resulted in a highly purified IgG product with more concentrated neutralizing antibody activity. hIVIG will allow for the administration of greater antibody activity per unit of volume with decreased potential for several adverse events associated with plasma administration. IgG concentration and IgG antibody specific to SARS-CoV-2 were increased over 10-fold from convalescent plasma to the final product. Normalized ELISA activity (per mg/mL IgG) was maintained throughout the process. Protein content in these final product batches was 100% IgG, consisting of 98% monomer and dimer forms. Potentially hazardous proteins (IgM, IgA, and anti-A, anti-B and anti-D antibodies) were reduced to minimal levels.CONCLUSIONSMultiple batches of anti-SARS-CoV-2 hyperimmune globulin (hIVIG) that met regulatory requirements were manufactured from human convalescent plasma. The first clinical study in which the hIVIG will be evaluated will be Inpatient Treatment with Anti-Coronavirus Immunoglobulin (ITAC) [NCT04546581].

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Administration of insulin to rats caused a transient increase in the amount of hepatic insulin receptor present in clathrin-coated vesicles and endosomes. However, the total 'in vitro' insulin stimulated tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor present in endosomes did not vary when expressed per mg of protein and decreased when expressed per p-subunit content. A decrease in the endogenous phospho tyrosine content of the receptor p-subunit was observed in endosomes in response to insulin. This indicates that a fraction of the internalized receptor is dephosphorylated in endosomes, which renders it unable to become stimulated by insulin 'in vitro'.