The policy related to the use of renewable sources is a key element of the energy policy executed in the European Union (EU). One of the targets set for 2050 is to increase the share of electricity in energy consumption to 50%, and 80% of electricity is to be generated from low-carbon sources. In recent years, the EU economies have significantly modified their electricity production, which raises the question of the scale of these changes. The aim of the presented analysis is to assess changes in the use of renewable sources for electricity production in the EU countries in 2005–2019. Gini coefficient and k-mean are applied in the analysis. The conducted research shows that EU countries, in line with the energy policy assumptions, have both increased the share of renewable sources in energy production, especially in electricity production, as well as increased the diversity of used renewable sources. The results also indicate a vast diversity in terms of the use of such sources for the production of renewable electricity in the EU. This indicates that the energy transition is being implemented by EU countries with individual country-level approaches. Nonetheless, a variety of the EU’s both support and restrictive measures are of considerable importance for the ongoing energy transition.
Tytuł dofinansowany ze środków Narodowego Banku Polskiego oraz ze środków Sekcji Klasyfikacji i Analizy Danych PTS Informacje o naborze artykułów i zasadach recenzowania znajdują się na stronie internetowej Wydawnictwa www.pracenaukowe.ue.wroc.pl www.wydawnictwo.ue.wroc.pl Publikacja udostępniona na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa-Użycie niekomercyjne-Bez utworów zależnych 3.0 Polska (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 PL)
This paper presents a comparative analysis of the household structure and its dynamics between post-economic-transformation Poland and Scandinavianwelfare-state Finland, with a focus on one-person households (OPH). Based on the literature, two research hypotheses were formulated: (H1) strong differences in the household structure in Finland and Poland still occur, and (H2) the share of one-person households is at very different levels in the two countries. However, due to the globally growing popularity of solo living, the difference is diminishing. Finally, an estimate was made for the time when the shares of one-person households will be equal in both countries if the changing trends from 2005-2015 stay the same. The first research hypothesis was proven to be correct. Small, one-or two-person households dominate the household structure in Finland, while in Poland the household structure by size was considerably more balanced. The second hypothesis was confirmed only partially. The share of OPH among all the households in 2015 was significantly larger in Finland (42%) than in Poland (24%). However, the difference between the countries was not diminishing. The share in Finland is increasing, while it is decreasing in Poland. This allowed the assumption that if the changing trends from the studied period are maintained, the shares of OPH in the two countries will not equalize, but will instead grow further apart. An estimate was made that in 2030 46% of Finnish households and 22% of Polish households will be one-person households.
The aim of the article is to propose a simple Taxonomic Measure of Sustainable Development and to measure its relation with the time allocation. The research follows the scheme: i) the construction of the TMSD; ii) the regression analysis of the TMSD and time allocation variables; iii) the comparative analysis of the TMSD in 2004 and 2012 followed by the interpretation of the results. The authors formulated the thesis about the relation between the level of sustainable development and the time allocation. The research shows that the more equal time allocation between men and women, the more sustainably developed the economy. This is probably because women live in a more sustainable way than men 1 . Also, the measure illustrates well how strongly differentiated the BSR countries are in terms of sustainable development. The most favourable situation was observed in Scandinavian countries and Norway. In most of the countries the level of sustainable development rose over the time of observation.
The aim of the article is to analyse the similarities between the selected European countries in terms of time allocation. Time allocation has been defined as the daily distribution of time to various activities. Professional work time, domestic work time and leisure time are the most important for the economic approach. It has been proved that there are coherent groups of countries with similar structure of time allocation. The taxonomic methods used in order to verify the thesis included: cluster analysis, k-means method, generalised distance measure GDM and interval taxonomic method TMI. The analysis was performed on the basis of HETUS data.
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