En Marche! – New Political Movement or New Party? The Program and the Structure
In the face of the emergence of new political movements and political parties, clearly defining these formations has emerged as a specific difficulty. The subject of the article is the La République En Marche! It came up as a movement, then transformed into a political party, gaining in popularity and securing victories in the parliamentary elections. The aim of the paper is to present the genesis and transformations within this organization and its present program. An attempt will also be made to answer the question – whether in the case of En Marche! we can talk about a new political movement, a new political party or a hybrid political organization that combines the elements of both the movement and the party.
Specyfika państwa regionalnego na przykładzie devolved regions w Zjednoczonym Królestwie Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej Słowa kluczowe: państwo regionalne, państwo autonomiczne, proces dewolucji, Zjednoczone Królestwo Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii Północnej,
Undoubtedly Brexit has raised up the question, which considers the future of British – European relationship after the end of this procedure. However, it is crucial also to acknowledge the future of the devolved regions position in the same context. This analysis addresses the issue, how the devolved regions position will change after Brexit procedure ends.
„Misleading analogy”: About Differences Between Referendum in Scotland and Catalonia
Separatist aspirations in Europe are now a captivating issue. Regions like Scotland and Catalonia deserve special attention. The aim of the article is to show differences in the perception of both cases, due to their frequent comparing in journalistic papers. The study consists of two parts that concern Scotland and Catalonia. In each of them the institutional and legal positions of the regions were taken into the consideration. In addition, the course of events in Scotland and Catalonia in 2014 and 2017 was considered in the context of the independence referendums carried out in these regions. The summary of this article consists of comparison of the factors which show that there are no grounds for adapting analogy between Scotland and Catalonia. Factors that have been taken into account are: the legal order and the regulations used to define the legal status of the regions, and also the relations between central and subnational (regional) levels in Scotland and Catalonia.
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