The paper shows that the residual stress at the surface of tempered glass panels may vary both locally (at a distance equal to the distance between the cooling jets) and globally, i.e., stresses near the edges and corners of the panels may be considerably different from the stresses in the middle part of the panels. That should be borne in mind while assessing the degree of temper by non-destructive measuring of the residual surface stress.

For a series of conventional soda-lime-silicate glasses with increasing Al2O3 content, we investigated the thermal, mechanical, and structural properties before and after K+-for-Na+ ion-exchange strengthening by exposure to molten KNO3. The Al-for-Si replacement resulted in increased glass network polymerization and lowered compactness. The glass transition temperature (Tg), hardness (H) and reduced elastic modulus (Er), of the pristine glasses enhanced monotonically for increasing Al2O3 content. H and Er increased linearly up to a glass composition with roughly equal stoichiometric amounts of Na2O and Al2O3 where a nonlinear dependence on Al2O3 was observed, whereas H and Er of the chemically strengthened (CS) glasses revealed a strictly linear dependence. Tg, on the other hand, showed linear increase with Al-for-Si for pristine glasses while for the CS glasses a linear to nonlinear trend was observed. Solid-state 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed the sole presence of AlO4 groups in both the pristine and CS glasses. 23Na NMR and wet-chemical analysis manifested that all Al-bearing glasses had a lower and near-constant K+-for-Na+ ion exchange ratio than the soda-lime-silicate glass. Differential thermal analysis of CS glasses revealed a “blurred” glass transition temperature (Tg) and an exothermic step below Tg; the latter stems from the relaxation of residual compressive stresses. The nanoindentation-derived hardness at low loads and <5 mol% Al2O3 showed evidence of stress relaxation for prolonged ion exchange treatment. The crack resistance is maximized for molar ratios n(M(2)O)/n(Al2O3)≈1 for the CS glasses, which is attributed to an increased elastic energy recovery that is linked to the glass compactness.

It is shown that in tempered glass panels the edge stress and the thickness stress are closely related. Therefore the traditional edge stress measurement gives information also about the thickness stress and the surface stress. Thus for complete analysis of stresses near the edge of a glass panel only the edge stress measurement is needed.

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A recently developed nondestructive method was used to investigate the stress buildup in chemically strengthened lithium aluminosilicate glass. We utilized an updated version of the gradient scattered light method, which now enables more precise determination of the depth coordinates, recovering a more detailed stress profile around the knee. The main motivation of the work was to characterize and optimize the development of the knee-shaped breaking point in stress profile in lithium aluminosilicate glass prepared by the Saunders-Kubichan method of one-step strengthening in a mixture of KNO 3 +NaNO 3 molten salt bath. In the industry, a two-step process is still commonly used to build such a stress profile; the one-step strengthening will simplify the process as well as save the cost. Compared to previous studies, which used a destructive method based on transmitted light photoelasticity, we found that in the samples ion exchanged for 24 hours, the knee-shaped breaking points were situated two times deeper whereas the case depths were 28% shallower. The measured stress profiles were validated by stress equilibrium and by comparison to Na + ion concentration profiles. K E Y W O R D S glass, ion exchange, polarization, refractive index, scattering 2408 | HÖDEMANN Et Al. How to cite this article: Hödemann S, Valdmann A, Paemurru M, et al. Measurement of stress build-up of ion exchange strengthened lithium aluminosilicate glass.