The saturation of the soil with organic residues, the introduction of straw from the precursor and the harvest siderate stimulated the biological activity of the soil, and the use of various types of basic soil treatment changed the agrophysical properties of the soil. The results of research have found that the introduction of greenhouse siderate and straw contributed to maintaining the optimal density of the soil in the crop rotation link, and the combined treatment provided better conditions than in plowing. On the same variants, a decrease in the soil hardness occurred, positively influenced the formation of structural aggregates. For combined tillage, the content of structural aggregates on the background of mineral fertilizer application in the 0-20 cm layer exceeded the options with plowing by 5.2%, with the use of crop green manure by 3.2% and with the use of straw by 2.5%. For the combined tillage after winter rye, the cultivation of arable land was 19.7 - 22.8%, after pea - 17.3-19.7%, after spring wheat - 20.9-23.7%. For plowing options, these figures were 21.0-24.4, 19.6-21.4 and 23.5-26.0%. The maximum grain yield of winter rye (4.37 tons per hectare), pea (2.42 tons per hectare) and spring wheat (3.37 tons per hectare) was obtained on the variants of combined tillage and food backgrounds with the introduction of crop siderate.
The most important task at all stages of modern agriculture development is to increase the yield and quality of grain. Plant growth regulators can play a big role in this. The paper considers an impact of Polaris fungicide on winter wheat seeds and the use of growth regulator Melafen in winter wheat crops in Ufa region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are considered. The soil and climatic conditions of the growing season 2017-2018 years have influenced on formation of the yield and quality of winter wheat grain. Seed treatment with Polaris fungicide in combination with the crop care products provided productivity of 41.8-61.5 centner per hectare. The use of growth regulator Melafen in Ufa region of the Republic of Bashkortostan ensured an increase in crop yield up to 59.2-63.7 centner per hectare or 30.3-40.4%, depending on the processing scheme used. Determining the number of falls in the experience showed that this indicator fluctuated within 215-314 sec., which corresponds to the indicators for higher, first and second class of grain - a state of emergency more than 200 sec. In the experiment, the indicators of the nature of the grain had a value of from 671 to 758 g/l. The use of Polaris in the experiment contributed to the enhancement of the grain nature and reaching the level of the highest, 1.2 grade of grain. Due to the fact that in terms of quality group - all the options corresponded to group 2 of quality or grain of grade 3-5, the assessment of the quality of winter wheat grain shows that in the experience the quality of grain of all options corresponds to class 3.
11УДК 631.5:631.8 ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ЗЕРНОТРАВЯНОГО СЕВООБОРОТА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ЗАДЕЛКИ НАВОЗА, СОЛОМЫ И ПРОМЕЖУТОЧНОГО СИДЕРАТА Ахметзянов М.Р., Таланов И.П.Реферат. В статье представлены результаты исследований по изучению внесения навоза, соломы и промежуточного сидерата в зернотравяном севообороте на фоне внесения расчетных доз минеральных удобрений на серой лесной почве Республики Татарстан. Результатами исследований было установлено, что варианты с внесением навоза и растительной биомассы снижали плотность сложения почвы в слое 0-10 см на 0,02-0,04 г/см 3 , в слое 10-20 смна 0,03-0,04 г/см 3 . Общее содержание структурных агрегатов на вариантах с внесением навоза и совместной заделки соломы и сидерата повысилось до 46,7-72,9%, коэффициент структурности составил 0,87-2,69, против 44,3-63,9% и 0,79-1,77 по минеральному фону. Количество поступивших в почву пожнивных и корневых остатков после уборки многолетних трав больше накопилось на фонах с внесением навоза, соломы и сидерата и составило 10,8-12,1 т/га, тогда как по минеральному фону этот показатель составил только 10,11 т/га. На этих же фонах произошло увеличение содержания гумуса в почве на 0,12-0,16%. Улучшая почвенное плодородие почвы навоз, солома и сидераты способствовали повышению урожайности культур в севообороте по сравнению с минеральным фоном: озимой ржи на 0,2-5,0 ц, яровой пшеницына 1,2-6,8 ц, многолетних травна 1,2-7,3 зерновых единиц, яровой пшеницына 2,5-5,4 ц, овсана 2,4-5,3 ц/га. Возделывание культур в зернотравяном севообороте на фоне совместного внесения соломы и пожнивного сидерата позволило получить максимальную прибыль 22835,6 руб./га с уровнем рентабельности 162,8 %, против 15540,0 руб./га и рентабельностью 96,4 % на минеральном фоне.Ключевые слова: севооборот, плотность сложения, структурность агрегатов, гумус, урожайность.
The article presents the results of studies on the influence of basic soil tillage and nutrition backgrounds to reduce of plants prevalence by root rot and leaf diseases, increasing yield productivity and quality of winter rye grain.
Owing to the agriculture intensification increasing, unreasonably extensive use of chemicals, comprehensive mechanization, intensive tillage, together with an increase in productivity leads to noticeable undesirable results. The contamination grow, the infectiousness of fields by pests and diseases of agricultural crops increases, due to decomposition of humus, the soil fertility gradually decreases, and the quality of the products is deteriorating by the presence of hazardous compounds for health, ecological balance is disturbed environment. In this connection, so that to solve these problems, it is necessary to develop farming biologzation, namely the expansion of perennial grasses, reducing the use of fertilizers, pesticides and other chemicals, the use of intermediate crops for fodder and green manure, the use of crop residues and organic fertilizers, the use of advanced tillage methods. In recent years, the study of some specific biologzation elements are held in Russia too, but without an integrated approach. An intensification of the use of biological means of soil fertility was contributed to: creation an optimum density of the addition of the soil; creation better moisture content of crops; phytosanitary condition of crops. The maximum crop productivity (4.03 tons per hectare) was obtained, when adding straw and stubbly green manure, the cost of 1 ton of grain was decreased, compared with mineral background to 281.4 rubles, the net income was higher to 1593.6 rubles per hectare, the profitability of oat production was 52.8%, against 32.5% on a mineral background.
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