УДК 631.43; 631.452; 631.474 ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ АГРОФИЗИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ВЫЩЕЛОЧЕННОГО ЧЕРНОЗЕМА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ МИНИМИЗАЦИИ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ Ильясов М.М., Суханова И.М., Биккинина Л.М.-Х., Сидоров В.В.Реферат. Исследована возможность минимизации основной обработки почвы в севообороте, применения системы удобрений с целью разработки приемов повышения урожайности и улучшения агрофизических характеристик на выщелоченном черноземе Республики Татарстан (РТ). Стационарный полевой опыт в севообороте был заложен в 2016 году на занятом пару (викоовсяная смесь), где изучались различные системы основной обработки почвы: ежегодная отвальная вспашкаконтрольный вариант; отвальная вспашка, плоскорезное рыхление, ярусная вспашка, чизельное рыхлениев последующие годы поверхностным лущением. Данные, полученные в полевых опытах, свидетельствуют о том, что с применением различных систем основной обработки почвы и удобрений можно регулировать агрофизические свойства, создать условия для сохранения и воспроизводства почвенного плодородия выщелоченного чернозема. Органоминеральная система удобрений способствовала повышению содержания влаги в метровом слое почвы на 2,1-16,1 мм по сравнению с минеральной системой удобрений. Исследования показали, внесение навоза в норме 60 т/га перед ротацией севооборота в 2016 году, способствовало уменьшению объемной массы в слое 0-40 см по сравнению с МСУ до 0,04 г/см 3 . Водопроницаемость почвы зависела от глубины и системы обработки почвы, содержания в ней влаги и выращиваемой культуры. Применение ярусной системы обработки почвы способствовало повышению урожайности пшеницы по обоим фонам удобрений в сравнении с контрольным вариантомна 0,8 т/ га (ОМСУ) и 0,7 т/га (МСУ) соответственно. Расчеты показали, что применение ярусной вспашки в сочетании с мелкой обработкой по органо-минеральной системе удобрений обеспечило снижение себестоимости основной продукции по сравнению с традиционной отвальной обработкой до 12%, рост чистого дохода с 1 гадо 15% и уровень рентабельностидо 22%.Ключевые слова: минимизация, обработка почвы, органо-минеральная, удобрения, агрофизические свойства, пшеница, урожайность. CHANGE IN THE AGROPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LEACHED CHERNOZEM DEPENDING ON MINIMIZING THE BASIC SOIL TILLAGEIlyasov M.M., Sukhanova I.M., Bikkinina L.M.-Kh., Sidorov V.V.Abstract. The possibility of minimizing the main tillage in crop rotation, the use of a fertilizer system in order to develop methods for increasing productivity and improving agrophysical characteristics on leached chernozem of the Republic of Tatarstan is investigated. The stationary field experience in crop rotation was laid in 2016 on a busy pair (vetchoat mix), where various systems of primary tillage were studied: annual dump plowing -control option; dump plowing, planar loosening, longline plowing, chisel loosening -in subsequent years by surface peeling. The data obtained in field experiments indicate that, using various primary tillage and fertilizer systems, agrophysical properties can be regulated, and conditions can be created for t...
The article presents the results of two summer studies on the use of nanostructured suspensions of sapropel and vermicompost on gray forest medium loamy soil under the conditions of a growing experiment when growing oats of Konkur variety. We see the supply of plants with nutrients in the use of substances created by nature itself, whose chemical composition allows them to be used as fertilizers. In agriculture and crop production, various doses of sapropel and vermicompost in the soil have been studied, but there are no data on the use of their nanostructured components. For the first time in the Republic of Tatarstan, research is underway to develop ways to use sapropel and vermicompost nanomaterials in crop production when growing crops. The nature and degree of influence of macro - and nanostructured suspensions on the main elements of the crop structure during their use for pre-sowing seed treatment and foliar treatment of plants, both in a separate and in a complex application, is revealed. Presowing treatment with suspensions of vermicompost and nanobiohumus increased the height and yield of plant biomass relative to other options by 3.8 ... 26.1% and 8 ... 58.2%, respectively, in terms of structure. The complex use of treatments with nanosuspensions of sapropel and vermicompost positively affected quantitative indicators: mass of 1000 grains, roots and grains. Nanostructured suspensions possessing biologically active properties, particle sizes of 20-30 nm, penetrating unhindered, without damaging the structure and without consequences for the plant organism, stimulating biochemical processes and having a prolonged effect on biological objects, provided better crop structure indicators compared to macro-suspension treatment.
The article presents data of field research of fertilizers systems and tillage on heavy leached chernozem at planting winter wheat in the Republic of Tatarstan. The paper shows the positive effects of organomineral fertilizer system on crop growth and quality of winter wheat, compared with mineral fertilizer system. The improvement of water and soil nutrient status was revealed. The layered and chisel tillage systems were the most effective methods. The study showed, that the use of organomineral fertilizer system had a stronger positive impact on the yield and quality of winter wheat, compared with mineral fertilizer system. The most winter wheat yield was obtained by applying the organomineral fertilizer system at layered plowing - 4.49 tons per hectare (the increase relative to the control is 0.64 tons per hectare). The best indicators of water and food regime of leached chernozem also marked at using organomineral fertilizer system, especially in layered tillage .
Pretreatment of tubers by ZhUSS drugs have a pronounced positive effect on the acceleration of phenological phases timing of development for 2-3 days, compared to the control. The use of chelated microelements contributed to the increase of leaf area in all phases of plant development: in case of ZhUSS-1 - to 3.0-32.8%, in case of ZhUSS-2 - to10.2-42.5%, as compared with the control. The best productivity rate was noted in ZhUSS-2 embodiment - 24.2 tons per hectare in combination with preplant foliar in concentration of 0.1%. Pre-treatment of tubers by ZhUSS drugs contributed to the growth of tuber starch up to 14.0%, the marketability of products up to 95%.
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