Abstract-

Incentives either tangible or intangible are the most important or convenient resources that became the basis of workers satisfaction with their jobs. The study attempts to explore the relationship between tangible or intangible incentives and job satisfaction among workers. To achieve the objective, a sample of 100 workers were selected from Pakistan Ordinance Factory, Wah Cantt, Pakistan on basis of purposive sampling technique. Data is collected through the use of reward system questionnaire and Minnesota Satisfaction questionnaire. Statistical Package for social sciences (version, 21) was used for the analyses of data. Results showed that both tangible or intangible incentives are positively related to job satisfaction among workers. Thus, at work settings the rise in the use of incentives is associated with high job satisfaction.

Objective: To determine the mean change in central macular thickness after cataract surgery and to compare the mean change in central macular thickness after cataract surgery in non-diabetics and diabetics without diabetic retinopathy Study design: Case control   Study settings and duration: A case control study was carried out at Ophthalmology department, POF hospital, Wah Cantt. Study duration was 6 months (April 2019-September 2019)   Material and methods: A sample size of 60 patients was calculated by using Open Epi Software. We used non probability consecutive sampling. Patients were divided into two groups; Cases (Diabetic) and controls (non-Diabetic). All patients underwent phacoemulsification and observed after 4 weeks for macular thickness measurement using optical coherence tomography before and after surgery. Data analysis was done with SPSS version 20. Post stratification t test was applied. P value ≤0.05 was considered significant.   Results: Total 60 patients were included. Mean age of patients was 65.31 ±7. 63SD.There were 35 (58.3%) males and 25 (41.7%) female patients in the study. We found a significant increase in central macular thickness in cases and controls [(223.100±15.86SD vs 227.2667±17.9SD, p=0.000) and (221.200±12.16SD vs 226.289±16.7861SD, p =0.001)] before and after phacoemulsification in cases and controls respectively. However, no significant difference was found between the groups (p=0.486).   Conclusion: Central macular thickness was increased after uncomplicated phacoemulsification in both diabetics and non-diabetics without retinopathy for up to a follow-up period of 4 weeks but the thickness did not differ between the two groups.

Background and Objective: The profession of teaching is one of most stressful profession all over the world. Current study was aimed to assess the job satisfaction of 150 randomly selected teachers from Government Colleges (Male and Female). Methodology: The descriptive type of Research was adopted in the present study. Data was collected using questionnaires and direct interview. Questionnaires are circulated among the eight (8) four boys and four girls Government Colleges in Hyderabad. The sample size of the survey is 150. The study has taken a period of one year i.e., August 2014-August 2015. The questionnaire prepared on the basis of various factors which influence the satisfaction of the respondents. Results and Conclusion: Teachers are not satisfied their job because of factor considered for promotion is fully dissatisfied of teachers and working place, training and outcomes of training only satisfied issue of teachers. On payment issues, teachers are very dissatisfied. Equity of justice maintained in promotion and pay from organization are serious issue. It usually interfere managerial decision making hamper the discipline and order. Based on the results it is recommended that some prevailing strategies be transformed and that it is essential to substitute certain old strategies in case of promotion, fairness of integrity sustained in promotion and pay fortitude system. Further studies should be needed on the factors identified through factor analysis.