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Abnormal fibrogenic repair response upon alveolar injury is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). PRM-151 (recombinant human pentraxin-2, also known as serum amyloid P), has been shown to reduce fibrosis in preclinical lung fibrosis models, and was well tolerated with a favourable pharmacokinetic profile in an earlier single-dose phase I study.A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose trial was performed to assess the tolerability and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of multiple doses of PRM-151 in IPF patients. Subjects in three successive cohorts (1, 5, or 10 mg·kg −1 versus placebo) received intravenous study drug on days 1, 3, 5, 8 and 15, and were followed-up to day 57.PRM-151 was well tolerated at all dose levels, with no serious adverse reactions. Administration of PRM-151 resulted in two-to eight-fold dose-dependent increases in circulating pentraxin-2 levels. Forced vital capacity and 6-min walk test showed trends towards improvement in the combined PRM-151 dose groups. On high-resolution computed tomography scans, stable or improved lung volume unoccupied by interstitial lung abnormality was noted in some PRM-151 subjects compared to placebo subjects on day 57.The efficacy of PRM-151 in IPF remains to be investigated in dedicated future trials.@ERSpublications Recombinant human pentraxin-2 increased serum levels safely in IPF patients and may improve lung function

Human in vivo models of systemic inflammation are used to study the physiological mechanisms of inflammation and the effect of drugs and nutrition on the immune response. Although in vivo lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenges have been applied as methodological tool in clinical pharmacology studies, detailed information is desired on dose-response relationships, especially regarding LPS hyporesponsiveness observed after low-dose in vivo LPS administration. A study was performed to assess the in vivo inflammatory effects of low intravenous LPS doses, and to explore the duration of the induced LPS hyporesponsiveness assessed by subsequent ex vivo LPS challenges. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with single ascending low doses of LPS (0.5, 1 and 2 ng/kg body weight) administered to healthy male volunteers (3 cohorts of 8 subjects, LPS:placebo 6:2). The in vivo inflammatory response was assessed by measurement of cytokines and CRP. Ex vivo LPS challenges were performed (at −2, 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours relative to in vivo LPS administration) to estimate the duration and magnitude of LPS hyporesponsiveness by assessment of cytokine release (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8). LPS administration dose-dependently increased body temperature (+1.5°C for 2 ng/kg LPS), heart rate (+28 bpm for 2 ng/kg LPS), CRP and circulating cytokines which showed clearly distinctive increases from placebo already at the lowest LPS dose level tested (0.5 ng/kg, contrast for timeframe 0-6 hours: TNF-α +413%, IL-6 +288%, IL-8 +254%; all p ≤ 0.0001). In vivo LPS administration dose-dependently induced a period of hyporesponsiveness in the ex vivo LPS-induced cytokine release (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), with maximal hyporesponsiveness observed at 6 hours, lasting no longer than 12 hours. For IL-6 and IL-8, indications for immune cell priming were observed. We demonstrated that an in vivo LPS challenge, with LPS doses as low as 0.5 ng/kg, elicits a cytokine response that is clearly distinctive from baseline cytokine levels. This study expanded the knowledge about the dose-effect relationship of LPS-induced hyporesponsiveness. As such, the low-dose LPS challenge has been demonstrated to be a feasible methodological tool for future clinical studies exploring pharmacological or nutritional immune-modulating effects.

Background DNA viruses such as HPV rely on K+ influx for replication. Both digoxin and furosemide inhibit the K+ influx by interacting with cell membrane ion co‐transporters (Na+/K+‐ATPase and Na+‐K+‐2Cl− co‐transporter‐1, respectively). We therefore hypothesized that these two compounds in a topical formulation may be valuable in the treatment of HPV‐induced warts. This new approach is called Ionic Contra‐Viral Therapy (ICVT).ObjectiveTo evaluate systemic exposure, safety and tolerability of ICVT with a combination of furosemide and digoxin after repeated topical application in subjects with common warts. Furthermore, we aimed to evaluate pharmacodynamics effects of ICVT.MethodsTwelve healthy subjects with at least four common warts on their hands were included in the study and treated with a fixed dose of 980 mg topical gel containing 0.125% (w/w) digoxin and 0.125% (w/w) furosemide for 7 consecutive days on their lower back to assess safety and systemic exposure. Two warts were treated with 10 mg each and two served as negative controls to obtain preliminary evidence of treatment effect.Results ICVT was well tolerated topically, and there was no evidence of systemic exposure of digoxin or furosemide. There were no clinical relevant safety findings and no serious adverse events (SAEs). A rapid and statistically significant reduction in diameter, height and volume of the warts was already observed at day 14.Conclusion ICVT was found to be safe for administration to humans and 7 days of active treatment showed a statistical significant wart reduction compared to untreated control lesions, clearly indicating pharmacological activity.

ONS-3010 is being developed by Oncobiologics Inc. (Cranbury, NJ, USA) as a biosimilar of Humira®. This randomized, double blind, single-center phase I study (EudraCT registration # 2013-003551-38) was performed to demonstrate pharmacokinetic (PK) biosimilarity between two reference products (Humira® EU and US) and ONS-3010 in healthy volunteers, and to compare the safety and immunogenicity profiles. In addition, the intended pharmacological activity was assessed and compared by application of a whole blood challenge. Hundred ninety-eight healthy volunteers received a single 40 mg subcutaneous dose of ONS-3010, Humira® EU, or US. The pharmacodynamic effects were assessed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/aluminum hydroxide whole blood challenges (n = 36; n = 12 per treatment arm; male:female, 1:1). Equivalence was demonstrated on the PK endpoints (AUC0–inf, Cmax, and AUC0–last) based on bounds of 80–125% for the ratio of the geometric means (ONS-3010/Humira®). The immunogenicity profiles were comparable between treatment groups, and there were no indications for differences in routine safety parameters. Administration of adalimumab resulted in the observation of dramatically reduced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) levels upon stimulation with LPS/aluminum hydroxide (>99%), with no differences between the three treatment groups in terms of magnitude or duration. Adalimumab also resulted in a reduction of LPS/aluminum hydroxide-induced interleukin (IL)-8 release (maximally 30%), suggested to have a causal relationship with the anti-TNFα treatment. LPS/aluminum hydroxide-induced release of IL-1β and IL-6 was not inhibited by anti-TNFα treatment. Taken together, these data are promising for the further clinical development of ONS-3010, demonstrate the relevance of the LPS/aluminum challenge to monitor Humira® effects, and emphasize the value of whole blood challenges for monitoring of proximal drug effects in healthy volunteers, and potentially in the target population.