The rising demand in health promotion services has become a good opportunity for pharmacists. In many developing countries, including Indonesia, the role of pharmacists in this field has not been widely known. The objective of this study was to explore the knowledge, self-efficacy, and provision of health promotion, as well as its association in Yogyakarta province, Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey was used. A validated questionnaire consisted of socio-demographic section, 15 items knowledge, 9 items self-efficacy using 4-point Likert scale was delivered to the pharmacists who attended a monthly continuous education held by Indonesian Pharmacist Association, on June 2017. Data were analyzed descriptively and bivariate to see the association between variables. Of total 224 respondents (89 % response rate), most of them were aged 23-29 years old (48%), female (90%), working experience 1-5 years (47%), and monthly income of 2-3 million IDR (50.81%). Approximately 77.42% pharmacists presented good knowledge and 71.77% of them presented high self-efficacy in health promotion services. Almost all of the respondents (88%) provided the health promotion, including patient education on drug use, smoking cessation counseling, and disease prevention. There was an association between knowledge, self-efficacy, and health promotion practices (p <0.001). Pharmacists with higher level of knowledge and positive self-efficacy were more likely to provide health promotion services. A vast majority of pharmacists provided health promotion activities. Further studies are urgently needed to address the challenges in providing health promotion services and extend the varieties of the service provided.
The incidence and geographical distribution of dengue fever has increased in recent decades. The actual disease burden is unknown owing to frequent underreporting and misclassification of cases. A well-functioning system for diagnosing, treating, and reporting cases is of prime importance as disease statistics is the foundation for decisions aiming to control the disease. This study aimed to explore the hospital-based disease surveillance system in Yogyakarta, a dengue-endemic region on Java, Indonesia. Semi-structured interviews were performed with 16 informants from four hospitals, including five general practitioners, three internists, four pediatricians, and four administrative staff working with administration relating to dengue diagnostics and reporting. Data were analyzed using content analysis. A theme arose from the analysis "Dengue surveillance stands and falls by the rigor of the health system." The theme, and underlying categories and subcategories, describes a surveillance system that in the best-case scenario works well and is likely to produce reliable dengue case data. However, there is a lack of synchronization between regulations and guidelines in different hospitals and some friction between regulatory bodies and the care provider. Knowledge among the staff appears to vary, and many clinical and financial decisions are made rather arbitrarily, which ultimately might lead to unequal health service delivery. In conclusion, the dengue surveillance system under study could improve further, particularly by ensuring that all regulations and recommended procedures are standardized and that all staff are given the best opportunity to stay updated on dengue-related matters, clinical as well as regulatory, on a regular basis.
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