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The study explored the extent to which university students' approaches to learning (SAL) are related to their perceptions of the teaching-learning environment (TLE), both at the group level (between-student variation) and at the individual level (within-student variation). Moreover, the study explored how a general tendency to perceive the TLE in a certain way predicts course-specific approaches to learning over and above the coursespecific perceptions. The participants were 147 natural sciences undergraduate students. SAL and perceptions of the TLE were measured after five courses using the Learn questionnaire. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) was used as the analysis method, which enabled us to test whether the relationships of the TLE and SAL variables were similar at the group and individual levels. For the most part, the relationships were similar but stronger at the group level; further, some of the within-student variation in SAL could be predicted by the group-level perceptions of the TLE.

The present study sought to relate the well-being of night workers to that of the working population in general. One hundred and ninety-seven male permanent night security guards were interviewed with regard to the occurrence of various symptoms during the previous 12-month period. The results were compared with the results from similar interviews with a representative national sample of males (n = 1769) in the Swedish workforce. An age standardized morbidity ratio was computed with control for various background variables. The results showed that the security guards had a 2-3 times higher occurrence of sleep disturbances and fatigue than the national sample. Among the variables not differing from the national sample were gastrointestinal problems, headache, nervous problems, depression, nausea, diarrhoea, and haemorrhoids. It was concluded that sleep/wake disturbances are considerably more usual in permanent night security guards than in the working population as a whole.