[1] Concentrations and fluxes of greenhouse gases methane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) were measured during open water conditions in two hydroelectric reservoirs, Lokka and Porttipahta, in the northern boreal zone in Finland. These reservoirs were located on peat and forest soils and were built in 1967 and 1970, respectively. Over 20 years after their flooding, the reservoirs were still largely supersaturated with dissolved CH 4 and CO 2 . Measured with floating static chambers, the stations in Lokka released more CH 4 (means of 5. There was no clear association between the CH 4 emissions and the bottom type, including mineral soils and old peat deposits. The flooded vegetation, higher nutrient content, and primary production in the water column rather than old peat could account for the higher CH 4 emissions from the stations in Lokka. This conclusion is supported by the high content of modern carbon (C) in methane (percent modern C of 92-104%) that was extracted from the sediment of Lokka. The results suggested that if there is a good long-term availability of phosphorus and nitrogen, the intensive internal C cycle associated with the primary production could maintain high CH 4 and CO 2 production for decades, similar to the situation in eutrophied natural lakes.
In the present study, we examine socio‐cultural and practical aspects of human papillomavirus vaccination (HPVV) through a multi‐sited study of framings. We ask how HPVV is framed in the daily lives of vaccination‐aged Finnish girls and in school nurses’ everyday work. We then mirror these framings against both each other and Finland's official vaccination campaign. Based on analysis of interviews with 24 nurses and 12 girls and the campaign materials, we argue first that the campaign frames vaccination as an individual, knowledge‐based decision reflecting the informed consent principle. Second, however, the vaccination is framed in the everyday lives of eligible girls through gendered social ties and as a gendered and cohort‐specific event pivoting around the needle prick. Third, HPVV is not primarily framed in the school nurses’ work as preparing the girls for the vaccination decision by sharing official information but through trust‐based social relationships with the girls and their parents. We conclude that, as the vaccination is not an issue of individually reflected and knowledge‐based decision‐making for the two interviewed key groups, the official Finnish HPVV campaign and the undergirding informed consent principle drift into problems in their practical implementation.
Although the concept of circular economy is gaining increasing attention, there is a lack of tools or any agreed methodology for evaluating circularity. To date, circularity has been assessed mainly at product level, but national and regional level assessment is also essential in evaluating the effectiveness of circular economy strategies. As regions play an important role in implementing both EU and national strategies, the paper seeks to develop indicators for evaluating the circularity of material flows at regional level. In the case region of Päijät-Häme in Finland, the circular economy strategy is among the region's smart specialisation spearheads, and Päijät-Häme has a road map for moving towards a circular economy. The material flows examined in this study were phosphorous, plastics, textiles, waste wood and ash. While the region has high utilisation rates for plastics, textiles and waste wood, a significant proportion of material flows relates to energy production rather than material recycling. The present analysis highlights the difficulty of obtaining regional-level information on material flows; the available information and statistics relate mainly to waste flows or to national averages that do not necessarily reflect regional characteristics. For that reason, the indicators are based on circulation of waste materials rather than material circulation for the whole value chain from manufacturing to reuse and recycling. Nevertheless, the developed indicators provide a simple measure of circularity for regional material flows and can be further developed as more information becomes available.
This is the first step of the studies examining which factors differentiate growing from the non-growth firms. Four hypothesis of new firm performance will be tested with logistic regression method. Venture growth, measured by the growth of turnover, will be explained by entrepreneurial characteristics and motivation, and interaction between the firm and environment. The longitudinal study concentrates on the 86 responses, half of these responses (43) were classified as growing and the other half as non-growth firms.Personality characteristics and environmental factors do not explain the growth but experience, training and motivation are important variables that differentiate growing ventures from non-growth firms.
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