Recently, the problem of viral infection, particularly the infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2), has dramatically increased and caused a significant challenge to public health due to the rising problem of drug resistance. The antiherpetic drug resistance crisis has been attributed to the overuse of these medications, as well as the lack of new drug development by the pharmaceutical industry due to reduced economic inducements and challenging regulatory requirements. Therefore, the development of novel antiviral drugs against HSV infections would be a step forward in improving global combat against these infections. The incorporation of biologically active natural products into anti-HSV drug development at the clinical level has gained limited attention to date. Thus, the search for new drugs from natural products that could enter clinical practice with lessened resistance, less undesirable effects, and various mechanisms of action is greatly needed to break the barriers to novel antiherpetic drug development, which, in turn, will pave the road towards the efficient and safe treatment of HSV infections. In this review, we aim to provide an up-to-date overview of the recent advances in natural antiherpetic agents. Additionally, this paper covers a large scale of phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenoids, polysaccharides, peptides, and other miscellaneous compounds derived from various sources of natural origin (plants, marine organisms, microbial sources, lichen species, insects, and mushrooms) with promising activities against HSV infections; these are in vitro and in vivo studies. This work also highlights bioactive natural products that could be used as templates for the further development of anti-HSV drugs at both animal and clinical levels, along with the potential mechanisms by which these compounds induce anti-HSV properties. Future insights into the development of these molecules as safe and effective natural anti-HSV drugs are also debated.
Stilbenoids are important components
of foods (e.g., peanuts, grapes,
various edible berries), beverages (wine, white tea), and medicinal
plants. Many publications have described the anti-inflammatory potential
of stilbenoids, including the widely known trans-resveratrol
and its analogues. However, comparatively little information is available
regarding the activity of their prenylated derivatives. One new prenylated
stilbenoid (2) was isolated from Artocarpus altilis and characterized structurally based on 1D and 2D NMR analysis and
HRMS. Three other prenylated stilbenoids were prepared synthetically
(9–11). Their antiphlogistic potential
was determined by testing them together with known natural prenylated
stilbenoids from Macaranga siamensis and Artocarpus heterophyllus in both cell-free and cell assays.
The inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) was also shown by simulated
molecular docking for the most active stilbenoids in order to elucidate
the mode of interaction between these compounds and the enzyme. Their
effects on the pro-inflammatory nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB)
and the activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling pathway were also analyzed.
The THP1-XBlue-MD2-CD14 cell line was used as a model for determining
their anti-inflammatory potential, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation
of Toll-like receptor 4 induced a signaling cascade leading to the
activation of NF-κB/AP-1. The ability of prenylated stilbenoids
to attenuate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis
factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β)
was further evaluated using LPS-stimulated THP-1 macrophages.
Two heretofore uncharacterized abietane diterpenes, sincoetsin C (1) and 3hydroxyspirocoleon 7-O-β-D-glucoside (4), were isolated from a methanolic extract of Coleus blumei Benth. (Lamiaceae), along with the known compounds, scutellarioidone A (2) and spirocoleon 7-O-D-glucoside (3) using chromatographic techniques. Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance including COSY and NOESY experiments, mass spectrometry (HR-MS) and other spectroscopic methods (UV, IR). Their antibacterial activity against the reference strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus CCM 4750 (MRSA) was evaluated using optical absorption to obtain quantitative information on their growth. All isolated compounds displayed anti-MRSA 4750 activity at the concentration of 512 μg/mL. Sincoetsin C (1) was the abietane diterpene most active against MRSA 4750, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 128 μg/mL.
Fytochemická analýza methanolického extraktu Helichrysum petiolare Hilliard & B. L. (Asteraceae) prokázala přítomnost sekundárních metabolitů patřících mezi fenylpropanoidy a flavonoidy. Pomocí preparativní HPLC se podařilo vyizolovat pět obsahových látek
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