The fusion temperature (Tφ), the oxygen partial pressure (PO2) during melting and the quenching rate from Tφ all influence the optical absorption in the 5.06-eV (245-nm) region. These observations are consistent with the assumption that the defect responsible for the optical absorption is an oxygen vacancy or complex of vacancies. The activation energy for the formation of the defect in GeO2 glasses which is repsonsible for the optical absorption is 2.3 eV which is larger than the activation energy for oxygen diffusion (∼1 eV).
Understanding the phenomena of protein crystal growth has become a critical factor in the advancement of fundamental life sciences. To characterize this process, sensitive non-intrusive monitoring systems must be utilized in a micro-gravity environment We believe detailed optical monitoring to be the superior technique for use in micro-gravity. The proposed approach includes monitoring the nucleation event, rate and form of crystal growth, and protein density variations throughout the cell volume with four different optical metrology methods running concurrently. The system will incorporate photon correlation spectroscopy, interferometry, Zemike phase contrast imagery, and high-resolution polarization microscopy. These four systems have all been combined into a single optical module that provides crystal growth process data. The module utilizes the emerging technologies of binary optics and solid optics to shrink and stabilize the system (patent-pending).
The AMAC IIIS electrooptical transducer for flow cytometry facilitates simultaneous measurements of electrical impedance and several optical properties of single cells. Ray-trace analysis demonstrates that its spherical exterior permits light rays to emerge effectively undeviated and thus lowers the required numerical aperture of the collecting lens as compared with a flat surfaced transducer. This feature results in an increased light-gathering ability, an increased depth of focus, minimum spherical and chromatic aberrations, and minimizes the optical volume observed.
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