Intratumoral genetic heterogeneity and the role of metabolic reprogramming in renal cell carcinoma have been extensively documented. However, the distribution of these metabolic changes within the tissue has not been explored. We report on the first-in-human in vivo non-invasive metabolic interrogation of renal cell carcinoma using hyperpolarized carbon-13 (13C) MRI and describe the validation of in vivo lactate metabolic heterogeneity against multi regional ex vivo mass spectrometry. hyperpolarized carbon-13 (13C)-MRI provides an in vivo assessment of metabolism and provides a novel opportunity to safely and non-invasively assess cancer heterogeneity.

From 2009 to 2012 thirteen wild-born pygmy slow lorises Nycticebus pygmaeus (in this paper referred to as pygmy lorises), confiscated from illegal trade, were radio-collared and released into secondary forest in South Vietnam. Pygmy lorises were monitored until death, recapture, or loss of collar; the longest monitoring period was 73 d. The mean (± SD) distances between consecutive sleeping sites were recorded for 324 consecutive days and averaged 122 ± 108.0 m. Mean distances between sleeping sites for males and females were similar at 110.7 ± 92.6 m for males and 128.8 ± 116.7 m for females, with the greatest distance covered by a female (793 m). Mean height of the sleeping sites was 8.54 ± 4.46 m (n = 60), in trees with a mean diameter at breast height of 75.2 ± 58.4 cm (n = 225). Mean height of the trees where lorises slept was 20.2 ± 9.0 m (n = 230). The pygmy lorises slept mostly in the > 8 m band, the area of highest tree connectivity. Of the pygmy lorises studied 38% (5/13) were found dead, 7% (1/13) were returned to captivity due to severe loss of condition and for 23% (3/13) the outcome is unknown due to early collar loss. Causes of death included hyperthermia and natural predation. The remaining 30% (4/13), 2 males and 2 females, were in good condition when last tracked before premature collar drop-off, up to 73 d after release. From this limited data set, a 'soft' release, wet season release and consideration of predator density at the release site are recommendations for increasing chances of survival.KEY WORDS: Pygmy loris · Rehabilitation · Radio-collared release · Vietnam Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher Contribution to the Theme Section 'Conservation and ecology of slow lorises'FREE REE ACCESS CCESS

The vertical zonation patterns of intertidal organisms have been topics of interest to marine ecologists for many years, with interspecific food competition being implicated as a contributing factor to intertidal community organization. In this study, we used behavioral bioassays to examine the potential roles that interspecific aggression and food competition have on the structuring of intertidal hermit crab assemblages. We studied two ecologically similar, sympatric hermit crab species, Clibanarius digueti [1] and Paguristes perrieri [2], which occupy adjacent zones within the intertidal region of the Gulf of California. During the search phase of foraging, C. digueti showed higher frequencies of aggressive behaviors than P. perrieri. In competition assays, C. digueti gained increased access to food resources compared to P. perrieri. The results suggest that food competition may play an important role in structuring intertidal hermit crab assemblages, and that the zonation patterns of Gulf of California hermit crab species may be the result of geographical displacement by the dominant food competitor (C. digueti).

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A set of exercises for use in a typical physical chemistry laboratory course are described, modeling the unimolecular dissociation of the ethyl radical to form ethylene and atomic hydrogen. Students analyze the computational results both qualitatively and quantitatively. Qualitative structural changes are compared to approximate predicted values based on orbital-hybridization models. Quantitative results are generated using highaccuracy thermodynamic calculations to calculate the reaction enthalpy. A method to visualize the evolution of the highest-occupied molecular orbital is also described, showing the evolution of a π orbital that forms as the reaction progresses.