Background Ananas comosus var. bracteatus is a colorful plant used as a cut flower or landscape ornamental. The unique foliage color of this plant includes both green and red leaves and, as a trait of interest, deserves investigation. In order to explore the pigments behind the red section of the chimeric leaves, the green and red parts of chimeric leaves of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus were sampled and analyzed at phenotypic, cellular and molecular levels in this study. Results The CIELAB results indicated that the a* values and L* values samples had significant differences between two parts. Freehand sections showed that anthocyanin presented limited accumulation in the green leaf tissues but obviously accumulation in the epidermal cells of red tissues. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses were performed by RNA-seq and LC-ESI-MS/MS. Among the 508 identified metabolites, 10 kinds of anthocyanins were detected, with 6 significantly different between the two samples. The cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside content that accounts for nearly 95.6% in red samples was significantly higher than green samples. RNA-Seq analyses showed that 11 out of 40 anthocyanin-related genes were differentially expressed between the green and red samples. Transcriptome and metabolome correlations were determined by nine quadrant analyses, and 9 anthocyanin-related genes, including MYB5 and MYB82, were correlated with 7 anthocyanin-related metabolites in the third quadrant in which genes and metabolites showing consistent change. Particularly, the PCCs between these two MYB genes and cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside were above 0.95. Conclusion Phenotypic colors are closely related to the tissue structures of different leaf parts of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus, and two MYB transcription factors might contribute to differences of anthocyanin accumulation in two parts of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus chimeric leaves. This study lay a foundation for further researches on functions of MYBs in Ananas comosus var. bracteatus and provides new insights to anthocyanin accumulation in different parts of chimeric leaves.
The use of nanoparticles in the appropriate portion to increase plant growth and development is an ongoing biological process. However, its exposure in an inconsiderable proportion become stressful and plant uses diverse regulatory mechanisms such as gene expression and miRNAs regulation to attain their cellular homeostasis. This study documented the influence of MgO NPs on genes and miRNAs expression, cell morphology, chlorophyll content, and physiological changes in Ananas comosus var. bracteatus at different treatment levels. It's found that as MgO NPs exposed to the plant's increased, the average root length, average biomass, and average leaf length significantly decreased. A low concentration of MgO NPs (1 g/mL) increased the chlorophyll content of leaves, while 2 and 4 g/mL decreased it significantly. A 4 g/mL of MgO NPs increased the expression of miR-396 and miR-398 extremely, while repressed the expression of RHS12 and XTH genes significantly. Furthermore, the number of vascular bundles of root stele decreased obviously under 4 g/mL MgO NPs. 20 nm MgO NPs may have a destructive influence on the growth and development of Ananas comosus var. bracteatus by inhibiting chlorophyll.
In surveillance of the contemporary swift growth of progressing networks, attention has been enthralled mostly on the operational properties of multifaceted networks in wireless communications. A number of mammoth simulated networks of this thoughtful have lately been fashioned, which opens an extensive field for the study of their topology, advancement, and the intricate processes which transpire in them. Fifth Generation (5G) will have to survive with a high degree of heterogeneity in relations to services and necessities. Amid these end, the malleable and well-organized use of non-contiguous unexploited spectrum for diverse network disposition scenarios is well-thought-out a key encounter for 5G, New Radio (NR) systems. Furthermore, this study weighs and equates the complexity of the different waveforms. Keen valuations on Spectral Efficiency, Power Spectral Density, Peak-to-Average Power Ratio and robustness to asynchronous multi-user uplink transmission have been explored in this study. The reimbursements of these new wave-form for the anticipated 5G uses cases are noticeably highlighted on illustrative standards and experiments. Each network will be accountable for handling user-mobility, although the terminal will make the final optimal among different wireless/mobile access network suppliers for a given service. The main impact of this study is definition of 5G mobile network perception, which is seen as user-centric notion in its place of operator-centric as in Third Generation (3G) or service-centric concept as seen for Fourth Generation (4G). The 5G terminals will have software distinct radios and modulation scheme as well as new error-control schemes can be downloaded from the Internet on the run. The growth is seen towards the user terminals as an emphasis of the 5G mobile networks. The theoretical results are further verified using Matlab evaluations for Spectral Efficiency, Power Spectral Density and Peak-to-Average ratio. The evaluation results reveal that if an apriori information on the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is present, it is possible to highly increase the Spectral Efficiency (SE) of the transmission.
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