No abstract

Hyperconnected network architectures can endow nanomaterials with remarkable mechanical properties that are fundamentally controlled by designing connectivity into the intrinsic molecular structure. For hybrid organic–inorganic nanomaterials, here we show that by using 1,3,5 silyl benzene precursors, the connectivity of a silicon atom within the network extends beyond its chemical coordination number, resulting in a hyperconnected network with exceptional elastic stiffness, higher than that of fully dense silica. The exceptional intrinsic stiffness of these hyperconnected glass networks is demonstrated with molecular dynamics models and these model predictions are calibrated through the synthesis and characterization of an intrinsically porous hybrid glass processed from 1,3,5(triethoxysilyl)benzene. The proposed molecular design strategy applies to any materials system wherein the mechanical properties are controlled by the underlying network connectivity.

Hybrid organic-inorganic glasses exhibit unique electro-optical properties along with excellent thermal stability. Their inherently mechanically fragile nature, however, which derives from the oxide component of the hybrid glass network together with the presence of terminal groups that reduce network connectivity, remains a fundamental challenge for their integration in nanoscience and energy technologies. We report on a combined synthesis and computational strategy to elucidate the effect of molecular structure on mechanical properties of hybrid glass fi lms. We fi rst demonstrate the importance of rigidity percolation to elastic behavior. Secondly, using a novel application of graph theory, we reveal the complex 3-D fracture path at the molecular scale and show that fracture energy in brittle hybrid glasses is fundamentally governed by the bond percolation properties of the network. The computational tools and scaling laws presented provide a robust predictive capability for guiding precursor selection and molecular network design of advanced hybrid organic-inorganic materials.

No abstract

Ferroelastic (90°) domain wall motion occurs readily in bulk samples of displacive ferroelectrics such as Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), dictating critical piezoelectric, dielectric, and polarization switching properties. Many prior studies have used converse piezoelectric measurements to probe the dynamics of ferroelastic domains in thin films; however, such experiments are strongly influenced by the mechanical clamping effect of the substrate, which inhibits electric field‐induced 90° domain wall motion. Nevertheless, these observations raise a tantalizing question: Does the application of mechanical stress, rather than electric field, result in an entirely different response in thin films? Here we report biaxial stress‐driven crystallographic reorientation of (100)/(001) textured, 70 nm thick Pb(Zr0.25Ti0.75)O3 films via 90° domain wall motion, measured in situ by both x‐ray diffraction and piezoforce microscopy. Visual evidence of nanoscale mechanisms that underlie the direct piezoelectric effect is shown. Mobile 90° domain walls effect complete orientation switching in the grains in which they operate, without apparent wall pinning, indicating that bulk‐like ferroelastic behavior can extend to nanocrystalline films in the absence of substrate clamping.

Moisture-assisted cracking of silica-derived materials results from a stress-enhanced reaction between water molecules and moisture-sensitive SiOSi bonds at the crack tip. We report the moisture-assisted cracking of oxidized hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide films (a-SiCO:H) consisting of both moisture-sensitive SiOSi bonds and moisture-insensitive bonds. The sensitivity of the films to moisture-assisted cracking was observed to increase with the SiOSi bond density, ρSiOSi. This sensitivity was correlated with the number of SiOSi bonds ruptured, NSiOSi, through an atomistic kinetic fracture model. By comparing these correlated NSiOSi values with those estimated by a planar crack model, we demonstrated that at the atomistic scale the crack path meanders three-dimensionally so as to intercept the most SiOSi bonds. This atomistic crack path meandering was verified by a computational method based on graph theory and molecular dynamics. Our findings could provide a basis for better understanding of moisture-assisted cracking in materials consisting of other types of moisture-sensitive and moisture-insensitive bonds.

No abstract

Mechanical fatigue is a potent mechanism of material degradation. Cyclic loading is shown to accelerate crack growth in a ZrOx/epoxysilane film, demonstrating that hybrid organic–inorganic glasses can be susceptible to fatigue. Plasticity‐driven fatigue is evidenced by nanometer‐high striations on the fracture surfaces. The molecular origin of plasticity in these glasses is discussed with the aid of molecular dynamics simulations.