Increased Aurora A expression occurs in a variety of human cancers and induces chromosomal abnormalities during mitosis associated with tumor initiation and progression. MLN8054 is a selective smallmolecule Aurora A kinase inhibitor that has entered Phase I clinical trials for advanced solid tumors. MLN8054 inhibits recombinant Aurora A kinase activity in vitro and is selective for Aurora A over the family member Aurora B in cultured cells. MLN8054 treatment results in G2/M accumulation and spindle defects and inhibits proliferation in multiple cultured human tumor cells lines. Growth of human tumor xenografts in nude mice was dramatically inhibited after oral administration of MLN8054 at well tolerated doses. Moreover, the tumor growth inhibition was sustained after discontinuing MLN8054 treatment. In human tumor xenografts, MLN8054 induced mitotic accumulation and apoptosis, phenotypes consistent with inhibition of Aurora A. MLN8054 is a selective inhibitor of Aurora A kinase that robustly inhibits growth of human tumor xenografts and represents an attractive modality for therapeutic intervention of human cancers.cancer ͉ mitosis ͉ apoptosis

The proteasome was validated as an oncology target following the clinical success of VELCADE (bortezomib) for injection for the treatment of multiple myeloma and recurring mantle cell lymphoma. Consequently, several groups are pursuing the development of additional small-molecule proteasome inhibitors for both hematologic and solid tumor indications. Here, we describe MLN9708, a selective, orally bioavailable, secondgeneration proteasome inhibitor that is in phase I clinical development. MLN9708 has a shorter proteasome dissociation half-life and improved pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and antitumor activity compared with bortezomib. MLN9708 has a larger blood volume distribution at steady state, and analysis of 20S proteasome inhibition and markers of the unfolded protein response confirmed that MLN9708 has greater pharmacodynamic effects in tissues than bortezomib. MLN9708 showed activity in both solid tumor and hematologic preclinical xenograft models, and we found a correlation between greater pharmacodynamic responses and improved antitumor activity. Moreover, antitumor activity was shown via multiple dosing routes, including oral gavage. Taken together, these data support the clinical development of MLN9708 for both hematologic and solid tumor indications. Cancer Res; 70(5); 1970-80. ©2010 AACR.

During immune challenge, T lymphocytes engage pathways of anabolic metabolism to support clonal expansion and the development of effector functions. Here we report a critical role for the non-essential amino acid serine in effector T cell responses. Upon activation, T cells upregulate enzymes of the serine, glycine, one-carbon (SGOC) metabolic network, and rapidly increase processing of serine into one-carbon metabolism. We show that extracellular serine is required for optimal T cell expansion even in glucose concentrations sufficient to support T cell activation, bioenergetics, and effector function. Restricting dietary serine impairs pathogen-driven expansion of T cells in vivo, without affecting overall immune cell homeostasis. Mechanistically, serine supplies glycine and one-carbon units for de novo nucleotide biosynthesis in proliferating T cells, and one-carbon units from formate can rescue T cells from serine deprivation. Our data implicate serine as a key immunometabolite that directly modulates adaptive immunity by controlling T cell proliferative capacity.

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) comprises a network of enzymes that is responsible for maintaining cellular protein homeostasis. The therapeutic potential of this pathway has been validated by the clinical successes of a number of UPS modulators, including proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory imide drugs (IMiDs). Here we identified TAK-243 (formerly known as MLN7243) as a potent, mechanism-based small-molecule inhibitor of the ubiquitin activating enzyme (UAE), the primary mammalian E1 enzyme that regulates the ubiquitin conjugation cascade. TAK-243 treatment caused depletion of cellular ubiquitin conjugates, resulting in disruption of signaling events, induction of proteotoxic stress, and impairment of cell cycle progression and DNA damage repair pathways. TAK-243 treatment caused death of cancer cells and, in primary human xenograft studies, demonstrated antitumor activity at tolerated doses. Due to its specificity and potency, TAK-243 allows for interrogation of ubiquitin biology and for assessment of UAE inhibition as a new approach for cancer treatment.

IntroductionMLN4924 is a potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) that is currently in phase 1 clinical trials. 1-3 NAE plays an essential role in regulating the activity of a subset of ubiquitin E3 ligases, the cullin-RING ligases (CRLs), which are responsible for regulating destruction of many intracellular proteins. 4 NAE activates the small ubiquitin-like molecule NEDD8 as the first step in the neddylation cascade. 5 NAE hydrolyzes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to adenylate NEDD8 at its C-terminus and transfers NEDD8 from the adenyl group to a specific cysteine within NAE. The activated NEDD8 is then transferred to the active-site cysteine of Ubc12 or UBE2F the E2s specific for the NEDD8 pathway. Finally, NEDD8 is conjugated on a conserved lysine near the C-terminal end of a cullin protein; this covalent modification is required for the cullin complex to recruit a ubiquitin-charged E2 protein facilitating polyubiquitination of proteins, targeting them for proteasomal degradation. Thus, NAE plays a key role in regulating the levels (and therefore the function) of a subset of proteins.Many of the proteins that are substrates for CRL-mediated polyubiquitination have key roles in cell-cycle progression and signal transduction, making NAE inhibition an attractive target for anticancer therapy. MLN4924 potently inhibits NAE in vitro, resulting in inhibition of CRL neddylation and an increase in levels of CRL substrate proteins (eg, Cdt-1, Nrf-2). 3 The primary mechanism of action of NAE inhibition in many cell types is induction of DNA rereplication because of blocking degradation of Cdt-1, a critical factor required for licensing origins of DNA replication. 3 Dysregulation of Cdt-1 activity leads to DNA rereplication. 6,7 For example, overexpression of Cdt-1 and Cdc6 induces DNA rereplication, activates DNA damage repair pathways, and induces cell death. 7 Induction of DNA rereplication by MLN4924 results in S-phase accumulation, DNA-damage responses, and cell death 3 (M.A.M., U.N., T.A.S., P. Veiby, P.G.S., B. Amidon, manuscript in preparation). Similar effects were observed in human tumor xenografts where MLN4924 inhibited NAE in vivo leading to tumor growth inhibition. 3 The nuclear factor-B (NF-B) signaling pathway plays a key role in many aspects of cancer initiation and progression through transcriptional control of genes involved in growth, angiogenesis, antiapoptosis, invasiveness, and metastasis. 8 Regulation of NF-B signaling occurs at many levels, one of which is through the regulation of protein turnover by the action of CRLs. Under normal conditions, NF-B transcription factors are maintained in an inactive state by binding to IB proteins. In canonical NF-B signaling, IB␣ binds to p50-p65, sequesters the transcription factors in the cytoplasm rendering them inactive. On stimulation of the IKK complex, IB␣ is phosphorylated at Ser32 and Ser36, resulting in its polyubiquitination and degradation, 9-11 thus resulting in nuclear accumulation of the complex and transcri...

Purpose: Small-molecule inhibitors of Aurora A (AAK) and B (ABK) kinases, which play important roles in mitosis, are currently being pursued in oncology clinical trials. We developed three novel assays to quantitatively measure biomarkers of AAK inhibition in vivo. Here, we describe preclinical characterization of alisertib (MLN8237), a selective AAK inhibitor, incorporating these novel pharmacodynamic assays.Experimental Design: We investigated the selectivity of alisertib for AAK and ABK and studied the antitumor and antiproliferative activity of alisertib in vitro and in vivo. Novel assays were used to assess chromosome alignment and mitotic spindle bipolarity in human tumor xenografts using immunofluorescent detection of DNA and alpha-tubulin, respectively. In addition, 18F-3 0 -fluoro-3 0 -deoxy-L-thymidine positron emission tomography (FLT-PET) was used to noninvasively measure effects of alisertib on in vivo tumor cell proliferation. Results: Alisertib inhibited AAK over ABK with a selectivity of more than 200-fold in cells and produced a dose-dependent decrease in bipolar and aligned chromosomes in the HCT-116 xenograft model, a phenotype consistent with AAK inhibition. Alisertib inhibited proliferation of human tumor cell lines in vitro and produced tumor growth inhibition in solid tumor xenograft models and regressions in in vivo lymphoma models. In addition, a dose of alisertib that caused tumor stasis, as measured by volume, resulted in a decrease in FLT uptake, suggesting that noninvasive imaging could provide value over traditional measurements of response.Conclusions: Alisertib is a selective and potent inhibitor of AAK. The novel methods of measuring Aurora A pathway inhibition and application of tumor imaging described here may be valuable for clinical evaluation of small-molecule inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res; 17(24); 7614-24. Ó2011 AACR.

The enzyme serine hydroxymethyltransferse (SHMT) converts serine into glycine and a tetrahydrofolate-bound one-carbon unit. Folate one-carbon units support purine and thymidine synthesis, and thus cell growth. Mammals have both cytosolic SHMT1 and mitochondrial SHMT2, with the mitochondrial isozyme strongly up-regulated in cancer. Here we show genetically that dual SHMT1/2 knockout blocks HCT-116 colon cancer tumor xenograft formation. Building from a pyrazolopyran scaffold that inhibits plant SHMT, we identify small-molecule dual inhibitors of human SHMT1/2 (biochemical IC ∼ 10 nM). Metabolomics and isotope tracer studies demonstrate effective cellular target engagement. A cancer cell-line screen revealed that B-cell lines are particularly sensitive to SHMT inhibition. The one-carbon donor formate generally rescues cells from SHMT inhibition, but paradoxically increases the inhibitor's cytotoxicity in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We show that this effect is rooted in defective glycine uptake in DLBCL cell lines, rendering them uniquely dependent upon SHMT enzymatic activity to meet glycine demand. Thus, defective glycine import is a targetable metabolic deficiency of DLBCL.

Tryptophan catabolism by the enzymes indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 and tryptophan 2,3dioxygenase 2 (IDO/TDO) promotes immunosuppression across different cancer types. The tryptophan metabolite L-Kynurenine (Kyn) interacts with the ligand-activated transcription factor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) to drive the generation of Tregs and tolerogenic myeloid cells and PD-1 up-regulation in CD8 + T cells. Here, we show that the AHR pathway is selectively active in IDO/TDO-overexpressing tumors and is associated with resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitors. We demonstrate that IDO-Kyn-AHR-mediated immunosuppression depends on an interplay between Tregs and tumor-associated macrophages, which can be reversed by AHR inhibition. Selective AHR blockade delays progression in IDO/TDOoverexpressing tumors, and its efficacy is improved in combination with PD-1 blockade. Our findings suggest that blocking the AHR pathway in IDO/TDO expressing tumors would overcome the limitation of single IDO or TDO targeting agents and constitutes a personalized approach to immunotherapy, particularly in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors.