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Due to its high spatial resolution and excellent water penetration, coastal light detection and ranging (LiDAR) coupled with multispectral imaging (MSS) has great promise for resolving shoreline features in the Great Lakes. Previous investigations in Lake Superior documented a metal-rich ''halo'' around the Keweenaw Peninsula, related to past copper mining practices. Grand Traverse Bay on the Keweenaw Peninsula provides an excellent Great Lakes example of global mine discharges into coastal environments. For more than a century, waste rock migrating from shoreline tailings piles has moved along extensive stretches of coast, damming stream outlets, intercepting wetlands and recreational beaches, suppressing benthic invertebrate communities, and threatening critical fish breeding grounds. In the bay, the magnitude of the discarded wastes literally ''reset the shoreline'' and provided an intriguing field experiment in coastal erosion and spreading environmental effects. Employing a combination of historic aerial photography and LiDAR, we estimate the time course and mass of tailings eroded into the bay and the amount of copper that contributed to the metal-rich halo. We also quantify underwater tailings spread across benthic substrates by using MSS imagery on spectral reflectance differences between tailings and natural sediment types, plus a depth-correction algorithm (Lyzenga Method). We show that the coastal detail from LiDAR and MSS opens up numerous applications for ecological, ecosystem, and geological investigations.Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) is an airborne laser-ranging technique that acquires high-resolution elevation and bathymetric data (Ackermann 1999). The data are collected with aircraft-mounted lasers capable of recording elevation measurements at a rate of 10-200-kHz pulses s 21 for above-water topographic stretches and 1-10-kHz for coastal bathymetric surveys, with a maximum vertical precision of 15 cm (Crow et al. 2007). In coastal surveys, the aircraft travels over a water stretch at about 60 m s 21 , pulsing two varying laser beams toward earth through an opening in the plane's fuselage: a red wavelength (infrared) beam that is reflected by the water surface and a narrow, blue-green wavelength beam that penetrates the water surface and is reflected from the bottom surface. The LiDAR sensor records the time difference between the two signals to derive measurements of water depth.An infrared version of LiDAR is used in forest applications, principally for biomass surveys and profiling of canopies (Lefsky et al. 1999). More recently, attention has expanded to underwater marine and freshwater applications. Under ideal conditions in coastal waters, blue-green laser penetration allows detection of structures down to depths approximately three times greater than passive light reflection. LiDAR has penetrated to a recorded maximum of 35 m in oceanic environments (Guenther 2007). Applications of blue-green laser techniques to mapping underwater structures have recently expanded. Marine s...

This article presents the results of an analysis of a large set of dream reports (N ϭ 5,208) using the Linguistic Inventory and Word Count (LIWC) system of Pennebaker, Boyd, Jordan, and Blackburn (2015). The findings indicate that, in comparison with other kinds of texts studied by LIWC, dream reports are distinctive in having high frequencies of the following language categories: focus on the past, first-person singular words, personal pronouns, authenticity, dictionary words, motion, space, and home. The dream reports have relatively low frequencies of these LIWC categories: informal language, focus on the present, assent, positive emotions, clout, second-person references, affective processes, and quotation marks. In addition, the LIWC analysis was able to identify and distinguish between the key content features of recent dreams, nightmares, and lucid dreams. These results confirm earlier findings of McNamara (2008) and Hawkins and Boyd (2017) and support the further use of LIWC in dream research, in coordination with other empirical methods of study.

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