BRL 42715 is a new penem which inhibits a wide range of plasmid as well as chromosomally mediated bacterial β-lactamases. We used a total of 902 recent clinical isolates, consisting of 455 Enterobacteriaceae, 247 staphylococci and 200 other gram-negative bacteria to evaluate its ability for potentiation of amoxycillin. MICs for all the 104 strains of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus were reduced from 8– > 32.0 to ≤ 0.06 μg/ml in the presence of 1–5 μg/ml of this penem. It was also highly effective in inhibiting the β-lactamase of a wide variety of gram-negative bacteria, thereby bringing their MIC values for amoxycillin from a ‘resistant’ range ( > 32.0 μg/ml) to a ‘susceptible’ range (≤ 8.0 μg/ml). Commonly resistant bacteria like Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Citrobacter, Morganella, Serratia, Acinetobacter and Aeromonas were rendered susceptible to amoxycillin in the presence of 1.0–5.0 μg/ml of BRL 42715.
No abstract
The presence of Cryptosporidium, a protozoan parasite, was first reported in 1907 in the peptic glands of the common mouse.1 It infects many animals such as calves, lambs, goats, rabbits, deer, poultry, snakes, rats, cats, dogs, and others. [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] This parasite was first implicated in human disease in 1976. 11 Although it was initially encountered in immunocompromised patients, especially those with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), subsequently it was shown to occur in well-nourished immunocompetent patients in both developed and developing nations. 2,5,[12][13][14][15] Review of the literature and telephone inquiries at the major hospitals in Riyadh revealed that Cryptosporidium has not been reported previously as the causative agent of human disease. We report three cases of diarrhea in immunocompetent patients in which the sole pathogen found was Cryptosporidium. Case Reports Case 1A 5-year-old boy was seen in the Family Health Clinic with a 3-day history of nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, with a frequency of five to six motions per day. Physical examination showed a well-nourished child with a height of 107 cm, weight 20.5 kg, blood pressure 80/50 mm Hg, temperature of 37.4°C, with dry lips, white coarse tongue, red throat, and light productive cough. Stool examination revealed watery specimen with little mucus and offensive odor. Stool cultures grew normal bacterial flora with no Salmonella, Shigella, or Campylobacter. Microscopic examination showed no pus cells, and parasitologic analysis was positive for oocysts of Cryptosporidium. Diarrhea stopped after 5 days, and the patient had an uneventful recovery. Case 2A 6-year-old girl presented with a history of cough, fever of 38.3°C, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea of 2 days' duration. Physical examination was unremarkable. Her height was 105 cm, weight 22 kg, blood pressure 85/60 mm Hg, and temperature 38.1°C. Laboratory tests revealed a hemoglobin concentration of 112 g/L, leukocyte count of 7.5 × 10 9 /L with normal differential fractions. Stool examination showed greenish, watery, and offensive specimen devoid of mucus or pus cells. Bacterial cultures subsequently grew normal flora, and parasitologic examination revealed many oocysts of Cryptosporidium. Amoxicillin, 250 mg four times a day, started before laboratory results were available, was discontinued on the third day. Diarrhea stopped on the seventh day with complete recovery. Case 3A 37-year-old man had a 2-day history of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and diarrheal stools six to eight times per day. Physical examination was unremarkable with a height of 176 cm, weight 76 kg, blood pressure 100/60 mm Hg, pulse rate 80 beats per minute, and temperature of 36.6°C. Laboratory results showed hemoglobin concentration of 109 g/L, and leukocyte count of 10.8 × 10 9 /L with normal differential. He appeared pale, but there was no evidence of jaundice. Abdominal examination was normal with no hepatosplenomegaly or tenderness. Diarrheal stool was watery and offensiv...
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