Urea was discovered in urine by Rouelle in 1773 and first synthesized from ammonia and cyanic acid by Wöhler in 1828. Commercially, urea is produced by the direct dehydration of ammonium carbamate at elevated temperature and pressure. Ammonium carbamate is obtained by direct reaction of ammonia and carbon dioxide. Most urea plants are licensed by Saipem, Stamicarbon, or Toyo Engineering Corporation. Their processes are discussed in detail. Urea's biggest use is as a fertilizer. Further, it is also used in animal feeds, in the manufacture of resins, and in reducing NO
x
emissions by catalytic reduction. Urea is classified as a nontoxic compound.
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