Our data suggest that testosterone and resistance exercise promote gains in body weight, muscle mass, muscle strength, and lean body mass in HIV-infected men with weight loss and low testosterone levels. Testosterone and exercise together did not produce greater gains than either intervention alone.

Objectives Assess behaviors of recently HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods From 2002–2006 193 recently HIV-infected MSM in the Southern California Acute Infection and Early Disease Research Program were interviewed every 3 months. Changes in HIV status of partners, recent unprotected anal intercourse (UAI), drug use, use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), detectable viral load and partnership dynamics over one year were used to predict recent UAI in a random effect logistic regression. Results Over a year significantly fewer partners in the past month were reported (mean 8.81 to 5.84; p<.0001). Percentage of recent UAI with HIV-status unknown last partners decreased from enrollment to 9 months (49% to 27%) and rebounded at 12 months to 71%. In multivariable models controlling for ART use, recent UAI was significantly associated with: baseline methamphetamine use (AOR 7.65, 95% CI 1.87, 31.30), methamphetamine use at follow-up (AOR 14.4, 95% CI 2.02, 103.0), HIV-uninfected partner at follow-up (AOR 0.14, 95% CI 0.06, 0.33) and partners with unknown HIV status at follow-up (AOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.11, 0.94). HIV viral load did not influence rate of UAI. Conclusions Transmission behaviors of these recently HIV-infected MSM decreased and serosorting increased after diagnosis; recent UAI with serostatus unknown or negative partners rebounded after nine months, identifying critical timepoints for interventions targeting recently HIV-infected individuals. There was no evidence in this cohort that the viral load of these recently infected men guided their decisions about protected or unprotected anal intercourse.

Background Intimate partner violence (IPV) is common among young adult relationships, and is associated with significant morbidity, including sexually transmitted infections (STI). This study measured the association between IPV victimization and perpetration and prevalent STIs and STI-risk behaviors among a sample of young women. Methods This analysis uses wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and was restricted to the 3,548 women who reported on a sexual relationship that occurred in the previous three months and agreed to STI testing. A multivariate random effects model was used to determine associations between STI and STI-risk behaviors and IPV. Results The IPV prevalence over the past year was 32%: 3% victim-only, 12% perpetrator-only, and 17% reciprocal. The STI prevalence was 7.1%. Overall, 17% of participants reported partner concurrency and 32% reported condom use at last vaginal intercourse. In multivariate analysis, victim-only and reciprocal IPV were associated with not reporting condom use at last vaginal intercourse. Perpetrator-only, victim-only, and reciprocal IPV were associated with partner concurrency. Victim-only IPV was associated with a higher likelihood of having a prevalent STI (OR: 2.1; 95% CI: 1.0-4.2). Conclusions This analysis adds to the growing body of literature that suggests that female IPV victims have a higher STI prevalence, as well as a higher prevalence of STI-risk behaviors, compared to women in non-violent relationships. Women in violent relationships should be considered for STI screening in clinics and IPV issues should be addressed in STI prevention messages given its impact on risk for STI acquisition.

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Psychosocial predictors of sexual risk taking were investigated in a community sample of 502 HIV-positive and HIV-negative African American men enrolled in the African American Health Project. Poisson regression analyses were used to estimate the relative contributions of psychosocial risk and protective factors in predicting sexual risk as measured by a sexual risk behavior index. HIV-negative men, men who have sex with men and women (MSM/W), and men who have sex with men (MSM) engaged in more high-risk sexual behaviors than heterosexuals and HIV-positive men, but men who were HIV-positive carried a heavier burden of psychosocial risk factors. High psychological distress, being HIV-negative, older age, low socioeconomic status (SES), and being an MSM/W were the best predictors of sexual risk. HIV serostatus and sexual orientation differences were obtained, with high psychological distress being the most consistent predictor regardless of serostatus or sexual orientation. Results confirm previous findings of riskier sexual lifestyle among MSM/W, men with low SES, and men who are experiencing significant psychological distress.

Chlamydia and gonorrhea positivity was high among women reporting AI, and a large proportion of these cases would be missed in the absence of rectal testing. The high-risk behaviors of women with rectal infections highlight the need for rectal screening recommendations.

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